{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:37:01Z","timestamp":1779291421424,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52204075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52204075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a clean energy carrier, hydrogen is essential for global low-carbon energy transitions due to its unique combination of safe transport properties and energy density. This investigation employs computational fluid dynamics (ANSYS Fluent) to systematically characterize hydrogen dispersion through soil media from buried pipelines. The research reveals three fundamental insights: First, leakage orifices smaller than 2 mm demonstrate restricted hydrogen migration regardless of directional orientation. Second, dispersion patterns remain stable under both low-pressure conditions (below 1 MPa) and minimal thermal gradients, with pipeline temperature variations limited to 63 K and soil fluctuations under 40 K. Third, dispersion intensity increases proportionally with higher leakage pressures (exceeding 1 MPa), greater soil porosity, and larger particle sizes, while inversely correlating with burial depth. The study develops a predictive model through Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) optimization, demonstrating exceptional accuracy (mean absolute error below 10%) for modeling continuous hydrogen flow through moderate-porosity soils under medium-to-high pressure conditions with weak inertial effects. These findings provide critical scientific foundations for designing safer hydrogen transmission infrastructure, establishing robust risk quantification frameworks, and developing effective early-warning systems, thereby facilitating the practical implementation of hydrogen energy systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18194535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:01:39Z","timestamp":1759154499000},"page":"4535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Numerical Investigation of Hydrogen Leakage Quantification and Dispersion Characteristics in Buried Pipelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Petroleum Engineering, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Stimulation Technology for Oil & Gas Reservoirs, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Petroleum Engineering, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaofei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering Corporation, Langfang 065000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianshi Group Energy Co., Ltd., Panjin 124221, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Xie, B., and Gong, L. 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