{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T18:17:46Z","timestamp":1760552266578,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3706400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3706400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental factors significantly affect the fatigue performance of weathering steel welded components in high-altitude, low-temperature corrosive environments. This study conducted multi-factor-coupled constant-amplitude fatigue tests on Q500qENH weathering steel V-groove welded joints and built an equivalent finite element model using test data to explore key influencing factors under multi-condition coupling. Results show that stress level most significantly affects fatigue performance, followed by corrosion duration, then ambient temperature, with influences decreasing in turn. Analyzing 18-day cyclic immersion corrosion morphology predicts 21-year outdoor corrosion in plateau regions, providing a reliable method for long-term exposure prediction. Finite element simulations confirm that low temperatures improve slightly corroded specimens\u2019 fatigue performance by 20%, but damage accumulates before optimal service. This study offers key parameters for safe design of high-altitude weathering steel welded components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18194551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T13:52:46Z","timestamp":1759240366000},"page":"4551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study on Multi-Factor Coupling Fatigue Properties of Weathering Steel Welded Specimens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shuailong","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao 266520, China"},{"name":"CSSC International Engineering Co., Ltd., 1 North Courtyard, Shuangqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangchong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSSC International Engineering Co., Ltd., 1 North Courtyard, Shuangqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7469-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSSC International Engineering Co., Ltd., 1 North Courtyard, Shuangqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zexu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSSC International Engineering Co., Ltd., 1 North Courtyard, Shuangqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangjie","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Xian University of Architecture & Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Beilin District, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao 266520, China"},{"name":"CSSC International Engineering Co., Ltd., 1 North Courtyard, Shuangqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2018.06.039","article-title":"Five-year atmospheric corrosion of Cu, Cr and Ni weathering steels in a wide range of environments","volume":"141","author":"Cano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2019.06.016","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study of fatigue behavior of bridge weathering steel Q345qDNH","volume":"161","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.324-325.1229","article-title":"Effects of Water Jet Peening on Fatigue Properties of SPA-H and SPCC Steel","volume":"324\u2013325","author":"Jia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2013.08.021","article-title":"Atmospheric corrosion data of weathering steels. A review","volume":"77","author":"Morcillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001047","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202001047","article-title":"Current status of research on the oxidation behavior of refractory high entropy alloys","volume":"23","author":"Gorr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Zhang, X., Hu, C., Liu, L., and Wang, H. (2024). Fatigue Crack Growth Performance of Q370qENH Weathering Bridge Steel and Butt Welds. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17236015"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Yang, B., and Liaw, P.K. (2017). Corrosion-Resistant High-Entropy Alloys: A Review. Metals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/met7020043"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2014.03.006","article-title":"Weathering steels: From empirical development to scientific design, A review","volume":"83","author":"Morcillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3141\/2406-07","article-title":"Performance of Uncoated Weathering Steel Highway Bridges Throughout the United States","volume":"2406","author":"McConnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014009","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000580","article-title":"National review on use and performance of uncoated weathering steel highway bridges","volume":"19","author":"McConnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123108","article-title":"Research on corrosion and fatigue performance of weathering steel and High-Performance steel for bridges","volume":"289","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e04029","article-title":"Thermodynamic entropy based low-temperature fatigue life prediction for Q500qENH weathering steel in bridges","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s42243-024-01401-4","article-title":"Solidification modes and delta-ferrite of two types 316L stainless steels: A combination of as-cast microstructure and HT-CLSM research","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2023.107944","article-title":"Proposal for kf effective notch factor estimation for life assessment of welded joint based on geometric parameters","volume":"157","author":"Raffaella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2023.108264","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study on fatigue damage evolution of Q690D welding details","volume":"212","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zheng, K., Heng, J., and Zhu, J. (2019). Corrosion-Fatigue Evaluation of Uncoated Weathering Steel Bridges. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9173461"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.12727","article-title":"Fatigue crack propagation for Q345qD bridge steel and its butt welds at low temperatures","volume":"41","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2013). Standardization Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Non-Destructive Testing of Welds\u2014Ultrasonic Testing\u2014Techniques, Testing Levels and Assessment (Standard No. GB\/T 11345-2013)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2008). General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Recommended Joint Preparation for Gas Welding, Manual metal Arc Welding, Gas-Shield Arc Welding and Beam Welding (Standard No. GB\/T 985.1-2008)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2012). Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Code for Welding of Steel Structures (Standard No. GB 50661-2011)."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2016). General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Corrosion of Metals and Alloys\u2014Removal of Corrosion Products from Corrosion Test Specimens (Standard No. GB\/T 16545-2015)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2003). Ministry of Railways of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Test Method for Periodic Immersion Corrosion of Weathering Steels for Railway Use (Standard No. TB\/T2375-1993)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2018). General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Corrosion of Metals and Alloys\u2014Alternate Immersion Test in Salt Solution (Standard No. GB\/T 19746-2018)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Wei, Z.J. (2019). The Research on Structure Property and Corrosion Behavior of Q450NQR1 High Strength Anti-Corrosion Steel. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northeastern University]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X.P. (2024). Research on the Weathering Resistance and Low Temperature Fatigue Performance of Q500QENH Weathering Steel After Corrosion in Industrial Atmospheric Environment. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Southwest Jiaotong University]. (In Chinese).","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18194515"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"55","article-title":"Evolution Law of Corrosion Product Films of Q345qDNH Bridge Weathering Steel in Simulated Industrial Atmospheric Environment","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Corros. Prot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118317","article-title":"Regional sources of NH3, SO2 and CO in the Third Pole","volume":"248","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.104442","article-title":"Enhancing Purity and Crystallinity of Carbon Nanotubes by Magnetically Assisted Arc Discharge and Thermal Purification and Their Field Emission Characteristics","volume":"49","author":"Mehdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L. (2022). Study on Weldability and Joint Fatigue Behavior of Al\/Steel Dissimilar Metals Resistance Spot Welding. [Ph.D. Thesis, Jilin University]. (In Chinese).","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.13719"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2023.105366","article-title":"Constructing a three-dimensional creep model for rocks and soils based on memory-dependent derivatives: A theoretical and experimental study","volume":"159","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12876","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12876","article-title":"Enhanced Electrochemical Performance and Theoretical Insights of Ni-Intercalated Ti3C2Tx MXene","volume":"8","author":"Mehdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Xing, G.J. (2024). Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Welded Joints of Corroded Weathering Steel. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Li, M.B. (2024). Study on Fatigue Performance of Welded Joints in Weather Resistant Steel Bridge Decks Under Multiple Coupling Effects. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Zong, L. (2015). Investigation on Fatigue Crack Propagation and Life Prediction of Steel Bridges Based on Fracture Mechanics. [Ph.D. Thesis, Tsinghua University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-020-01028-1","article-title":"Energy evolution analysis and failure criteria for rock under different stress paths","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"8-Year Atmospheric Exposure Corrosion Study of Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel","volume":"25","author":"Liang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/19\/4551\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T04:14:15Z","timestamp":1759810455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/19\/4551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18194551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18194551","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]}}}