{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:47:25Z","timestamp":1793116045322,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Fluoride varnishes are widely used in caries prevention, but the rate and duration of fluoride ion release differ depending on material composition and environmental factors. Objectives: This systematic review synthesized evidence from in vitro studies on human teeth to identify key factors influencing fluoride release. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in July 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using the terms \u201cfluoride release\u201d AND \u201cvarnish\u201d in titles and abstracts. Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, predefined eligibility criteria, and was structured according to the PICO framework. Of 484 retrieved records, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed qualitatively. Results: The primary outcome was the magnitude and duration of fluoride release from varnishes. Most studies reported peak release within the first 24 h, followed by a marked decline, although some formulations (e.g., Clinpro XT and Duraphat) maintained more stable long-term release. Substantial methodological heterogeneity was observed across studies, including differences in sample type, storage medium, pH, temperature, and measurement protocols, which influenced fluoride release dynamics. Reported secondary outcomes included enamel remineralization, changes in surface properties, and antibacterial activity, with bioactive additives such as CPP\u2013ACP and TCP enhancing preventive effects. Acidic conditions consistently increased fluoride release. Conclusions: The magnitude and persistence of fluoride release from varnishes depend on both intrinsic material properties and external environmental conditions. Bioactive additives may prolong fluoride availability and provide additional preventive benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18194603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T13:33:41Z","timestamp":1759757621000},"page":"4603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of Factors Affecting Fluoride Release from Fluoride Varnishes: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2368-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Dobrzy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4353-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kotela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of Innovation, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Klimas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Majchrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of Innovation, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1680-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kensy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Laszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of Innovation, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of Innovation, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8988-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Rybak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6751-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3801-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Matys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Surgery Department, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i26A31471","article-title":"Comparison of the Fluoride Release of Silver Diamine Fluoride, Fluoride Varnish, Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Gel on Extracted Teeth over Various Time Intervals in Artificial Saliva","volume":"33","author":"Thakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1608","article-title":"CPP-ACP and Fluoride: A Synergism to Combat Caries","volume":"12","author":"Attiguppe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrera-Ortega, C.C., Rodil, S.E., Silva-Bermudez, P., Delgado-Cardona, A., Almaguer-Flores, A., and Prado-Prone, G. (2025). Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm Resistance. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13060246"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"\u015een Yavuz, B., Yilmaz, M.A., Oktay, N.\u015e., and Karg\u00fcl, B. (2025, August 19). The Effect of a Single Application of Different Fluoride Varnishes on Enamel Subsurface Lesions In Vitro. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/357270330_THE_EFFECT_OF_SINGLE_APPLICATION_OF_DIFFERENT_FLUORIDE_VARNISHES_ON_ENAMEL_SUBSURFACE_LESIONS_IN_VITRO."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Nassar, Y., and Brizuela, M. (2025). The Role of Fluoride on Caries Prevention. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piszko, P.J., Kulus, M., Piszko, A., Kiryk, J., Kiryk, S., Kensy, J., Ma\u0142yszek, A., Michalak, M., Dobrzy\u0144ski, W., and Matys, J. (2025). The Influence of Calcium Ions and pH on Fluoride Release from Commercial Fluoride Gels in an In Vitro Study. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11070486"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman, K., Wujczyk, M., Dobrzynski, M., Diakowska, D., Wiglusz, K., and Wiglusz, R.J. (2021). In Vitro Assessment of Long-Term Fluoride Ion Release from Nanofluorapatite. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133747"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"97","article-title":"Fluoride in Dentistry: Brief Updated Guidelines for Caries Prevention","volume":"XXV","author":"Kritikou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rom. J. Dent. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"35","article-title":"Fluoride agents in the prevention and treatment of dental caries and erosion in children, adolescents and adults\u2014Recommendations of Polish Experts. Update of recommendations: Individual fluoride prevention in children and adolescents\u2014Recommendations of Polish Experts","volume":"27","author":"Mielczarek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nowa Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/132692","article-title":"Association between Drinking Water Fluoride and the Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Phosphate Levels in Pregnant Women and Newborn Infants","volume":"60","author":"Manjunathappa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509343280","article-title":"The Impact of Fluoride on Ameloblasts and the Mechanisms of Enamel Fluorosis","volume":"88","author":"Bronckers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"314","article-title":"Progression of Approximal Caries in Primary Molars and the Effect of Duraphat Treatment","volume":"100","author":"Peyron","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirivichayakul, P., Jirarattanasopha, V., Phonghanyudh, A., Tunlayadechanont, P., Khumsub, P., and Duangthip, D. (2023). The Effectiveness of Topical Fluoride Agents on Preventing Development of Approximal Caries in Primary Teeth: A Randomized Clinical Trial. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03045-4"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Szczepa\u0144ska, J., Olczak-Kowalczyk, D., Kaczmarek, U., and Wydanie, I. (2017). Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna Stomatologia Wieku Rozwojowego, Med Tour Press International."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"107","article-title":"Diagnosis and Prevention Strategies for Dental Caries","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345850640021401","article-title":"Enhanced Fluoride Uptake from Mouthrinses","volume":"64","author":"Hong","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"159","article-title":"Comparison of the Fluoride Ion Release from Nanofluoroapatite-Modified Orthodontic Cement under Different pH Conditions\u2014An in Vitro Study","volume":"25","author":"Nikodem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosior, P., Dobrzynski, M., Zakrzewska, A., Diakowska, D., Nienartowicz, J., Blicharski, T., Nagel, S., Sikora, M., Wiglusz, K., and Watras, A. (2022). Comparison of the Fluoride Ion Release from Composite and Compomer Materials under Varying pH Conditions\u2014Preliminary In Vitro Study. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122412540"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.37190\/ABB-02251-2023-01","article-title":"An in Vitro Examination of Fluoride Ions Release from Selected Materials\u2014Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Cement (Vitremer) and Nanohybrid Composite Material (Tetric EvoCeram)","volume":"25","author":"Kosior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-5950.183870","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Dental Caries, Prevention and Treatment\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. J. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubojanski, A., Piesiak-Panczyszyn, D., Zakrzewski, W., Dobrzynski, W., Szymonowicz, M., Rybak, Z., Mielan, B., Wiglusz, R.J., Watras, A., and Dobrzynski, M. (2023). The Safety of Fluoride Compounds and Their Effect on the Human Body\u2014A Narrative Review. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16031242"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2020\/v32i3330955","article-title":"Assessment of Fluoride Release Pattern from Different Fluoride Varnishes\u2014An in Vitro Study","volume":"32","author":"Sidhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E230","DOI":"10.2341\/15-036-L","article-title":"Effectiveness of Fluorescence-Based Methods in Monitoring Progression of Noncavitated Caries-like Lesions on Smooth Surfaces","volume":"40","author":"Diniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500211","article-title":"Fluoride Varnish Efficacy in Preventing Early Childhood Caries","volume":"85","author":"Weintraub","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jullien, S. (2021). Prophylaxis of Caries with Fluoride for Children under Five Years. BMC Pediatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02702-3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, A., Holban, A.-M., P\u0103una, M.-R., Imre, M., Farca\u0219iu, A.-T., and Farca\u0219iu, C. (2022). Review of Professionally Applied Fluorides for Preventing Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031054"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1159\/000260540","article-title":"Apatitic Fluoride Increase in Enamel from a Topical Treatment Involving Intermediate CaHPO4\u00b72H2O Formation, an in Vivo Study","volume":"15","author":"Chow","year":"1981","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjq062","article-title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Fluoride on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets","volume":"33","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"ZC33","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Longevity of Fluoride Release From Three Different Fluoride Varnishes\u2014An Invitro Study","volume":"10","author":"Virupaxi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res. JCDR"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2004.0121","article-title":"Fluoride Release from Varnishes in Two in Vitro Protocols","volume":"135","author":"Castillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1939"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baik, A., Alamoudi, N., El-Housseiny, A., and Altuwirqi, A. (2021). Fluoride Varnishes for Preventing Occlusal Dental Caries: A Review. Dent. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9060064"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saveanu, C.I., Dragos, O., Anistoroaei, D., Bobu, L.I., Saveanu, A.E., Armencia, A., Solomon, S.M., and Tanculescu, O. (2022). Xylitol Fluoride Varnish: In Vitro Effect Analysis on Enamel by Atomic Force Microscopy. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081900"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12563","article-title":"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fluoride Varnish in Preventing Caries amongst Long-Term Care Facility Residents","volume":"39","author":"Jabir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2006.33.7.440","article-title":"Allergic Contact Stomatitis from Colophony","volume":"33","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Update"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"49","article-title":"Contact Allergy to Duraphat","volume":"101","author":"Isaksson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000484483","article-title":"Caries-Preventive Effect of NaF, NaF plus TCP, NaF plus CPP-ACP, and SDF Varnishes on Sound Dentin and Artificial Dentin Caries in Vitro","volume":"52","author":"Wierichs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Shi, H., Luo, J., Yao, H., Wang, P., Li, Z., and Wei, J. (2022). Advanced Materials for Enamel Remineralization. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.985881"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S221","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2161","article-title":"Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of CPP-ACP, CPP-ACP + F and \u03b2 TCP + F and Their Effect on Microhardness of Enamel Using Vickers Microhardness Test: An In Vitro Study","volume":"15","author":"Bhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monjar\u00e1s-\u00c1vila, A.J., Hardan, L., Cuevas-Su\u00e1rez, C.E., Alonso, N.V.Z., Fern\u00e1ndez-Barrera, M.\u00c1., Moussa, C., Jabr, J., Bourgi, R., and Haikel, Y. (2025). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Remineralizing Agents: Outcomes on White Spot Lesions. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12010093"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E19","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2010.887","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effects of the Combination of Chlorhexidine and Xylitol","volume":"209","author":"Paula","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"262","article-title":"Arginine Metabolism in Supragingival Oral Biofilms as a Potential Predictor of Caries Risk","volume":"4","author":"Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"JDR Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.10.001","article-title":"Effect of Toothpaste Containing Arginine on Dental Plaque-A Randomized Controlled in Situ Study","volume":"67","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piszko, P.J., Piszko, A., Kiryk, S., Kiryk, J., Kensy, J., Michalak, M., Matys, J., and Dobrzy\u0144ski, M. (2025). Fluoride Release from Two Commercially Available Dental Fluoride Gels\u2014In Vitro Study. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11020135"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.15644\/asc54\/2\/4","article-title":"Comparison of Fluoride Ion Release from Fluoride Gel in Various Solvents","volume":"54","author":"Marko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.17219\/pim\/174016","article-title":"Review on Fluoride Varnishes Currently Recommended in Dental Prophylaxis","volume":"53","author":"Zakrzewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poza-Pascual, A., Serna-Mu\u00f1oz, C., P\u00e9rez-Silva, A., Mart\u00ednez-Beneyto, Y., Cabello, I., and Ortiz-Ruiz, A.J. (2021). Effects of Fluoride and Calcium Phosphate-Based Varnishes in Children at High Risk of Tooth Decay: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910049"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleniacz-Trawi\u0144ska, M., Kotela, A., Kensy, J., Kiryk, S., Dobrzy\u0144ski, W., Kiryk, J., Gerber, H., Fast, M., Matys, J., and Dobrzy\u0144ski, M. (2025). Evaluation of Factors Affecting Fluoride Release from Compomer Restorative Materials: A Systematic Review. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18071627"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piszko, P.J., Piszko, A., Kiryk, J., Luboja\u0144ski, A., Dobrzy\u0144ski, W., Wiglusz, R.J., Matys, J., and Dobrzy\u0144ski, M. (2024). The Influence of Fluoride Gels on the Physicochemical Properties of Tooth Tissues and Dental Materials\u2014A Systematic Review. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10020098"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajewska, J., Kowalski, J., Matys, J., Dobrzy\u0144ski, M., and Wiglusz, R.J. (2023). The Use of Lactide Polymers in Bone Tissue Regeneration in Dentistry\u2014A Systematic Review. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14020083"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rygas, J., Matys, J., Wawrzy\u0144ska, M., Szymonowicz, M., and Dobrzy\u0144ski, M. (2023). The Use of Graphene Oxide in Orthodontics\u2014A Systematic Review. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14100500"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma\u0142yszek, A., Zawi\u015blak, I., Kulus, M., Watras, A., Kensy, J., Kotela, A., Styczy\u0144ska, M., Janeczek, M., Matys, J., and Dobrzy\u0144ski, M. (2025). Fluoride Content in Infusions of Selected Teas Available on the Polish Market\u2014An In Vitro Study. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14142452"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimas, S., Kiryk, S., Kiryk, J., Kotela, A., Kensy, J., Michalak, M., Rybak, Z., Matys, J., and Dobrzy\u0144ski, M. (2025). The Impact of Environmental and Material Factors on Fluoride Release from Metal-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18133187"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.01.003","article-title":"Method Agreement Analysis: A Review of Correct Methodology","volume":"73","author":"Watson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-23-00268","article-title":"The Revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for the Assessment of Risk of Bias for Quasi-Experimental Studies","volume":"22","author":"Barker","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e245616","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440202405616","article-title":"Inhibition of Incipient Caries Lesion Progression by Different Fluoridated Varnishes","volume":"35","author":"Mainente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104726","article-title":"Fluoride Varnishes Supplemented with Nano-Sized Sodium Trimetaphosphate Reduce Enamel Erosive Wear in Vitro","volume":"138","author":"Paiva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2023-299","article-title":"Effect of Adhesive Components in Experimental Fluoride Varnish on Fluoride Release within 30 Days in Vitro Study","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104731","article-title":"Enamel Remineralization Potential and Antimicrobial Effect of a Fluoride Varnish Containing Calcium Strontium Silicate","volume":"138","author":"Abdalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fathollah, S., Abbasi, H., Akhoundi, S., Naeimabadi, A., and Emamjome, S. (2022). Cold Plasma Enamel Surface Treatment to Increase Fluoride Varnish Uptake. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08069-4"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2022-005","article-title":"The Fluoride Release, Abrasion Resistance, and Cytotoxicity to hGFs of a Novel Cyanoacrylate-Based Fluoride Varnish Compared with Conventional Fluoride Varnish","volume":"41","author":"Larpbunphol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2021.09.021","article-title":"Fluoride and Calcium Release from Peppermint-Flavored Fluoride Varnish Containing Dicalcium-Phosphate-Dihydrate Coated with Xylitol","volume":"34","author":"Putriani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020006","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0047198","article-title":"Optimization of Fluoride Release by Addition of Flavor Oils in Fast Release Fluoride Varnish","volume":"2344","author":"Geraldine","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geraldine, K., Putriani, D., Eriwati, Y.K., and Hermansyah, H. (2021). Modification of Fast Release Fluoride Varnish by Addition of Plant-Based Extracts as Antibacterial Agents, American Institute of Physics Inc.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0047551"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23662","article-title":"Fluoride Release and Remineralizing Potential of Varnishes in Early Caries Lesions in Primary Teeth","volume":"84","author":"Varanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1629","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Remineralization Potential of Two Varnishes Containing CPP-ACP and Tricalcium Phosphate: An In Vitro Study","volume":"12","author":"Varma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4034\/PBOCI.2019.191.141","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Fluoride in Saliva After Topical Application of Professional Use Products","volume":"19","author":"Bezerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesqui. Bras. Em Odontopediatria Cl\u00ednica Integr."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"208","article-title":"Comparing Fluoride Release in Preventa and Enamel Pro in Laboratory Environment","volume":"10","author":"Zaban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosc. Biotech. Res. Comm."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"545","article-title":"Fluoride Varnishes--Is There a Correlation Between Fluoride Release and Deposition on Enamel?","volume":"13","author":"Bolis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.39.1.b45805v0v17407gl","article-title":"Fluoride Release from Fluoride Varnishes under Acidic Conditions","volume":"39","author":"Lippert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"291","article-title":"Laboratory Investigations into the Potential Anticaries Efficacy of Fluoride Varnishes","volume":"36","author":"Lippert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-006-0080-1","article-title":"Deposition of Fluoride on Enamel Surfaces Released from Varnishes Is Limited to Vicinity of Fluoridation Site","volume":"11","author":"Attin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"221","article-title":"Fluoride Release from Newly Marketed Fluoride Varnishes","volume":"43","author":"Jablonowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quintessence Int. Berl. Ger. 1985"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2778","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Longevity of Fluoride Release from Three Different Fluoride Varnishes: An Observational Study","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"62","article-title":"Fluoride Release and Recharge in Conventional Varnishes, Compared to a Giomer and a Resin Modified Glass Ionomer","volume":"10","author":"Nahum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.56985","article-title":"Do Viscosity and Wettability of Fluoride Varnishes Affect Their Fluoride Release?","volume":"13","author":"Asian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okuyama, K., Matsuda, Y., Yamamoto, H., Suzuki, K., Shintani, K., Saito, T., Hayashi, M., and Tamaki, Y. (2023). Fluoride Retention in Root Dentin Following Surface Coating Material Application. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14030171"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piesiak-Panczyszyn, D., Watras, A., Wiglusz, R.J., and Dobrzynski, M. (2023). In Vitro Comparison of the Fluoride Ion Release from the First- and Second-Generation Fluoride Varnishes. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13127327"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1098","article-title":"A 3-month study of fluoride release from different calcium phosphate fluoride varnishes on primary teeth","volume":"47","author":"Rirattanapong","year":"2016","journal-title":"S. A. J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.36.3.q304488478w52334","article-title":"Evaluation of Short-Term Fluoride Release from Fluoride Varnishes","volume":"36","author":"Ritwik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2001.0053","article-title":"Evaluation of Fluoride Release from Commercially Available Fluoride Varnishes","volume":"132","author":"Castillo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1939"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuloglu, N., Bayrak, S., Tunc, E.S., and Ozer, F. (2016). Effect of Fluoride Varnish with Added Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate on the Acid Resistance of the Primary Enamel. BMC Oral Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0299-4"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/131066","article-title":"Adhesion of Glass Ionomer Cements to Primary Dentin Using a Universal Adhesive","volume":"61","author":"Iranparvar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E308","DOI":"10.2341\/18-014-L","article-title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Fluoride Varnishes on Dentin Remineralization During a Critical pH Exposure Using Quantitative X-Ray Microtomography","volume":"43","author":"Sleibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12385","article-title":"Effect of Calcium Phosphate Addition to Fluoride Containing Dental Varnishes on Enamel Demineralization","volume":"61","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12144","article-title":"Ion Release from Calcium and Fluoride Containing Dental Varnishes","volume":"59","author":"Cochrane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1032","article-title":"The Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide Toothpaste versus Fluoride Toothpaste on Remineralization of Primary Teeth Enamel","volume":"42","author":"Yimcharoen","year":"2011","journal-title":"S. A. J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12778","article-title":"Remineralization Effect of NaF, NaF with TCP, NaF with CPP-ACP and NaF with CXP Varnishes on Newly Erupted First Permanent Molars: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"22","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1999.tb01998.x","article-title":"Caries Prevention with Fluoride Varnish in a Socially Deprived Community","volume":"27","author":"Zimmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900080508","article-title":"Ablation of Bone and Methacrylate by a Prototype Mid-Infrared Erbium:YAG Laser","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"181","article-title":"CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP versus Fluoride Varnish in Remineralisation of Early Caries Lesions. A Prospective Study","volume":"16","author":"Llena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486358","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/486358","article-title":"The Effect of the Addition of Tricalcium Phosphate to 5% Sodium Fluoride Varnishes on the Microhardness of Enamel of Primary Teeth","volume":"2013","author":"AlAmoudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/147075","article-title":"Evaluation of the Remineralization and Antibacterial Effect of Natural versus Synthetic Materials on Deep Carious Dentin: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"60","author":"Anani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1994.tb01561.x","article-title":"Four-Year Study of Caries Inhibition of Intensive Duraphat Application in 11-15-Year-Old Children","volume":"22","author":"Sundquist","year":"1994","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12108","article-title":"Approximal Caries Increment in Adolescents in a Low Caries Prevalence Area in Sweden after a 3.5-Year School-Based Fluoride Varnish Programme with Bifluorid 12 and Duraphat","volume":"42","author":"Birkhed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897825","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1897825","article-title":"Effect of Fluoride Varnish Containing CPP-ACP on Preventing Enamel Erosion","volume":"2017","author":"Bayrak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/151702","article-title":"Comparison of the Effects of Fluoride Varnish Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Conventional Fluoride Varnish on the Surface Microhardness of Tooth Enamel","volume":"61","author":"Kooshki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2018.07.004","article-title":"Remineralization Effects When Using Different Methods to Apply Fluoride Varnish in Vitro","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1159\/000107932","article-title":"Caries-Preventive Effectiveness of a Fluoride Varnish: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adolescents with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances","volume":"41","author":"Renfors","year":"2007","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350410006392","article-title":"Professional Fluoride Varnish Treatment for Caries Control: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials","volume":"62","author":"Petersson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1159\/000499639","article-title":"Fluoride Varnish and Dental Caries in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Nadanovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Caries Res."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/19\/4603\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T13:50:05Z","timestamp":1759758605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/19\/4603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18194603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18194603","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]}}}