{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:12:18Z","timestamp":1788354738401,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["PNRR-III-C9-2023\u2013I8 (contract no. CF129 from 2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-III-C9-2023\u2013I8 (contract no. CF129 from 2023)"]}]},{"name":"Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding of Romania","award":["NanoLight (ERA-Net EuroNanoMed, contract no. 135 from 2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NanoLight (ERA-Net EuroNanoMed, contract no. 135 from 2020)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) is a semiconducting, electron donor polymer which, in addition to its intensive use in optoelectronic devices, is increasingly investigated in biological systems. However, there are conflicting reports about the biocompatibility of P3HT, and no direct comparison between P3HT films and P3HT nanoparticles has been conducted. In this context, we investigated the viability of bEnd.3 endothelial cells when such cells are grown onto P3HT films or incubated with P3HT nanoparticles and subjected to trains of moderate power density, relatively long light pulses. We observed that, while P3HT films do not decrease the viability of bEnd.3 cells at all, P3HT nanoparticles lower the viability of bEND.3 cells by ~20%, when the nanoparticles also contain [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as electron acceptor, and by ~30%, when the nanoparticles do not contain PCBM. Interestingly, the used photoexcitation protocol did not impact the biocompatibility of the P3HT-based materials. The obtained results reveal that (i). nanostructuring has a detrimental impact on the compatibility of P3HT with bEND.3 endothelial cells, and (ii). P3HT-based materials can be safely combined with light when used in biological systems because light, as used in the present study, does not alter the biocompatibility of such materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18204671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T07:17:52Z","timestamp":1760512672000},"page":"4671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Physical Form on the Biocompatibility of Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5913-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela A.","family":"Tudor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independen\u021bei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Gheorghiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independen\u021bei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8401-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szilveszter","family":"G\u00e1sp\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.22310","article-title":"Structure and Morphology Control in Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene)","volume":"49","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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