{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:31:32Z","timestamp":1789155092827,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Activated carbon used as one of the layers of a rain garden may be a promising solution for removing nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) from stormwater runoff. Progressive urbanization degrades the quality of stormwater that reaches water collectors. Rain gardens are a potential solution\u2014nature-based systems that retain, infiltrate, and purify stormwater. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a model rain garden in the form of retention columns, depending on the composition of the filling material and the conditions of the simulation. The base column was filled with sand, gravel, and dolomite. The next two columns were enriched with diatomite, in a weight ratio to sand of 1:4 and 1:2, respectively. The experiment was based on four scenarios: (1) 30 min of heavy rain, (2) 2 h of rain after a drought, (3) during standard operation, and (4) with modification of the filtration material. This modification consisted of a uniform addition of granular activated carbon (GAC), which was intended to influence the column performance. The characteristics of the activated carbon were determined using XRD, SEM-EDS, and BET analysis. Pollutant concentrations were determined using a spectrophotometer and ion-selective electrodes. The analyses confirm the significant impact of the column filling materials on the efficiency of nutrient removal from stormwater, achieving even complete removal of phosphate ions, while nitrate ions were removed at a level of almost 40% and ammonium ions at &gt;90%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18204742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T07:33:50Z","timestamp":1760686430000},"page":"4742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Activated Carbon and Diatomite as Filtration Materials for Nutrient Removal from Stormwater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4777-8285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Grela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-9562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Pamu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0818-5498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"\u0141ach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2749-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Gody\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8539-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmara","family":"Malina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7853-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Grela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, July 07). 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