{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:34:51Z","timestamp":1792805691557,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deep Earth Probe and Mineral Resources Exploration-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2024ZD1003905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD1003905"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/039b65w79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Special Tasks of Xinjiang Province","award":["2022B01051-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B01051-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gangue slurry pumping backfill offers a cost-effective and environmentally sound solution for coal mine solid waste disposal. Addressing the poor pumpability of pure gangue slurry, this study applied the Talbot gradation theory to a non-cemented gangue system by designing various particle size gradations and water-solid ratios (W\/S). Through tests on rheological properties, slump, spread, and bleeding rate, the optimal proportion for pumpability of pure gangue slurry (PGS) within the scope of this study was determined. Tests were conducted on rheology, slump, spread flow, and bleeding rate to determine the optimal mix proportion for pumpability. The results show that: The slurry in this study demonstrates a strong correlation with the characteristics of a Bingham fluid. Its yield stress increases significantly as the W\/S decreases. At a gradation index (n) of 0.4, particle packing is densest, resulting in the lowest yield stress. Slump and spread flow decrease with a lower W\/S. They initially increase and then decrease as the gradation index increases, with optimal fluidity observed at n = 0.4. Bleeding rate increases with a higher gradation index but decreases with a lower W\/S. Comprehensive optimization determined the optimal mix proportion as gradation index n = 0.4 and W\/S of 0.18. At this ratio: Yield stress = 144.25 Pa, Slump = 255 mm, Spread flow = 60.1 cm, Bleeding rate = 2.21%. This meets the pumping requirements (Slump &gt; 180 mm, Bleeding rate &lt; 3%). The research results provide important experimental value for the practical pipeline transportation of PGS and the reduction in pumping friction resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18204788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T12:27:29Z","timestamp":1760963249000},"page":"4788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Experimental Optimization Study on Pumping Pipeline Transportation Performance of Pure Gangue Slurry Filling Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yingbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Health Operation and Maintenance of Deep Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Datun Energy Co., Ltd., Xuzhou 221611, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Health Operation and Maintenance of Deep Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5613-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Health Operation and Maintenance of Deep Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Health Operation and Maintenance of Deep Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6243-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Health Operation and Maintenance of Deep Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Health Operation and Maintenance of Deep Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Health Operation and Maintenance of Deep Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Health Operation and Maintenance of Deep Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126366","article-title":"Hydration characteristics of low carbon cementitious materials with multiple solid wastes","volume":"322","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Review on the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue","volume":"30","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean Coal Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"8758","article-title":"Unlocking the synergy: Thermochemical behavior and kinetics in the co-combustion of coal gangue and wheat straw","volume":"47","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A Recovery Util. Environ. Eff."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126004","article-title":"Incorporation of self-ignited coal gangue in steam cured precast concrete","volume":"292","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.02.018","article-title":"Evaluation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds from a cement plant using carbide slag from chlor-alkali industry as the major raw material","volume":"330","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2024.02.012","article-title":"Environmental hazards and comprehensive utilization of solid waste coal gangue","volume":"34","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"12","article-title":"Research progress on in-situ intelligent sorting and filling technology of coal gangue underground","volume":"52","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.009","article-title":"A coupled THMC modeling application of cemented coal gangue-fly ash backfill","volume":"158","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.179","article-title":"Modeling the thermo-hydro-chemical behavior of cemented coal gangue-fly ash backfill","volume":"111","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"150","article-title":"Method of gangue grouting filling in subsequent space of coal mining","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2024.120573","article-title":"Study on rheological properties of large particle gangue slurry and its drag reduction effect caused by wall slippage in pipeline transportation","volume":"452","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Zhang, Y., and Yang, S. (2025). Influence of coal gangue-aeolian sand aggregate gradation on rheological properties and pipeline transportation characteristics of filling slurry. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84955-3"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, W., Zhu, L., and Song, T. (2023). Research on key parameters of pipeline transportation of waste rock treatment in underground residual space. Front. Earth Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.1098674"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2021.117027","article-title":"Effect of cement-to-tailings ratio and flow rate on the wear performance of filling pipeline","volume":"397","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129929","article-title":"Investigation of flow and viscosity characteristics of hydrate slurries within a visual-loop system","volume":"289","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7634951","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7634951","article-title":"Study on Rheological Characteristics of Uncemented Coal Gangue-Fly Ash Backfill (UCGFB) Slurry Based on Fractal Theory","volume":"2022","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e03986","article-title":"Study on preparation and influencing factors of coal gangue fill slurry material","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, K., and Wu, X. (2023). Experimental study on rheological properties of coal gangue slurry based on response surface methodology. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11041205"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.140029","article-title":"In-depth study on influence of material ratio on performance of gangue filler through experiment and machine learning","volume":"462","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"460","article-title":"Experimental research on coal gangue paste filling material","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Min. Saf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2025.120751","article-title":"Properties optimization and hydration mechanism of coal-based solid waste paste filling materials","volume":"455","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Huang, Y., and Hao, Y. (2020). Experimental study and application of rheological properties of coal gangue-fly ash backfill slurry. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8030284"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Jiao, J., Wang, Y., and Du, W. (2018). Feasibility of using gangue and fly ash as filling slurry materials. Processes, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr6120232"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"27","article-title":"Experimental study on fluidity of coarse and fine particles mixed with pure gangue filling slurry","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coal Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2023.118953","article-title":"Simulation study on load-bearing capacity and broken characteristics of the loose gangue based on Talbot theory","volume":"429","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111347","article-title":"Dynamic mechanical properties of coal-based solid waste cemented backfill material","volume":"98","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135269","article-title":"Mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of microbial cemented backfill with various particle size distributions of recycled aggregates","volume":"417","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124836","article-title":"Rheological properties of cemented coal gangue backfill based on response surface methodology","volume":"306","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138691","article-title":"Fluidity and rheological properties with time-dependence of cemented fine-grained coal gangue backfill containing HPMC using response surface method","volume":"451","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2025.04.063","article-title":"Rheological and CO2 sequestration properties of alkali-activated gangue-based backfill slurry: Effect of temperature","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.140225","article-title":"Synergistic effects of fly ash-cement slurry and CO2 mineralization on coal gangue aggregate and its concrete properties","volume":"465","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Yuan, H., Zhai, S., Geng, Z., and Huo, F. (2024). Study on Slump and Compressive Strength of Gangue Based on Aggregate Size Gradation. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14104214"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111065","article-title":"Study on the properties of recycled concrete mixed with coal gangue: Mechanics, workability and microstructure","volume":"98","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2002). Standard for Test Method of Performance on Ordinary Fresh Concrete (Standard No. GB\/T50080-2002)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135575","article-title":"Optimizing the shield tunnel backfilling grouts with supplementary cementitious materials by response surface methodology","volume":"421","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.144993","article-title":"Ecological risk analysis of leakage caused by coal-based solid waste backfill slurry bleeding: An experimental study","volume":"494","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127853","article-title":"Effect of biomass power plant ash on fresh properties of cemented coal gangue backfill","volume":"340","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, X., Huang, Y., Hao, Y., and Zhang, L. (2025). Research on the Testing Method for the Rheological Properties of Large-Particle Gangue Filling Slurry. Processes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13030789"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e03694","article-title":"Effect of coal gangue grading characteristics on cemented paste backfill rheology","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhou, M., Bai, J., Liao, Y., Li, D., and Zhang, B. (2024). Research on the Rheological Properties and Diffusion Law of Coal-Based Solid Waste Geopolymer Grouting Material. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17225433"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e03204","article-title":"Carbonation curing of magnesium-coal slag solid waste backfill material: Study on properties of flow, mechanics and carbon sequestration","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.10.130","article-title":"The interactions between fine particles of coal and kaolinite in aqueous, insights from experiments and molecular simulations","volume":"467","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.07.096","article-title":"Study on the suspending mechanism of gangue particle in coal-based solid waste slurry","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118086","article-title":"Influence of the granular skeleton packing density on the static elastic modulus of conventional concretes","volume":"242","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.144903","article-title":"The influence of coal gangue dosage and concentration on the properties and hydration mechanism of fly ash-based cemented filling materials","volume":"492","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/20\/4788\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T12:45:23Z","timestamp":1760964323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/20\/4788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18204788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18204788","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]}}}