{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:24:24Z","timestamp":1792095864591,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The results of the effect of the three Ba:Ti molar ratios (MR) (1:1, 2:1, 4:1) and four sintering temperatures (1250, 1275, 1300, 1325 \u00b0C) on the structural and electrical properties of BaTiO3 (BT)-type ceramics synthesized by the hydrothermal method are shown. The BT phase formed was analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), dielectric and ferroelectric measurements and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). For the samples synthesized using a Ba:Ti MR of 4:1 and at all sintering temperatures analyzed, XRD results confirmed the presence of the tetragonal ferroelectric phase, BT. In the same way, these results corroborated the results obtained by the RS technique. Dielectric properties measured at 100 kHz and 1 MHz over a temperature range of 30 \u00b0C\u2013200 \u00b0C indicated a relative permittivity value of 4280 at 1 MHz and 4200 at 100 KHz at a Curie temperature of 110 \u00b0C in both cases for the sample synthesized at with a Ba:Ti MR ratio of 4:1 and sintered at 1300 \u00b0C. Ferroelectric measurements for the samples showed a best remnant polarization (Pr) of 3.5 \u00b5C\/cm2 for the sample synthesized with a Ba:Ti MR ratio of 4:1 and sintered at 1325 \u00b0C. The HRSEM results showed grains composed of Ba, Ti, and O homogeneously distributed in the BT structure, and a trend of increasing average grain size with increasing sintering temperature was observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18204797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:53:19Z","timestamp":1761058399000},"page":"4797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Ba:Ti Molar Ratio and Sintering Temperature on the Structural and Electrical Properties of BaTiO3-Type Solid Solutions, Synthesized by the Hydrothermal Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8563-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Agustin","family":"Palmas L\u00e9on","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Road Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6444-9283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Ramajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales, National University of Mar del Plata, Av. 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Col\u00f3n 10850, B7606 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires B7600, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9882-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"P\u00e9rez Labra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Road Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5459-7162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Ra\u00fal","family":"Barrientos Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Road Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0972-596X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cruz Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenier\u00eda Campus Hidalgo (UPIIH)\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan km 1-500, Distrito de Educaci\u00f3n, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca 42162, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0557-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Acosta Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Road Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aislinn Michelle","family":"Teja Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Road Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8483-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayra","family":"Ordo\u00f1ez Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Electromechanics Area, Technological University of Tulancingo, Tulancingo 43642, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8926","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA05033A","article-title":"Halide perovskite materials for solar cells: A theoretical review","volume":"3","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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