{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:46:19Z","timestamp":1780080379258,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Yildiz Technical University, Turkey","award":["FDK-2022-5153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDK-2022-5153"]}]},{"name":"The research fund of Van Yuzuncu Yil University"},{"name":"the scientific research coordination unit","award":["FYD-2021-9379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FYD-2021-9379"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On-site curing of metakaolin (MK)- and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS)-based geopolymer mortars remains a major bottleneck compared to thermal treatment for early strength development, and electrical curing is proposed here as a highly scalable and energy-efficient alternative technology. Geopolymer mortars with 0\u2013100% MK\/GBFS binder ratios were activated using sodium silicate (SS) and sodium hydroxide (SH) solutions of the following molarities: 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 M. Steel fiber (SF), carbon fiber (CF), waste erosion wire (EW), and carbon black (CB) microfiller were incorporated to enhance the electro-conductive efficiency of the geopolymer matrix. Specimens were subjected to electrical curing under 10 V and 20 V AC and were compared with benchmarking under ambient conditions of 23 \u00b0C and thermal conditions of 70 \u00b0C. The findings established that the incorporation of fibers substantially boosted the level of conductivity and mechanical performance, with 28-day compressive strengths of up to 88.30 MPa (0.50% EW, 20 V) and flexural strengths of up to 22.24 MPa (0.50% CF, 7 days), exceeding the results of conventional curing in various instances. Microstructural studies based on well-bonded geopolymer gels with fibers indicated uniform geopolymerization through electrical curing without deleterious fiber\u2013matrix interactions. A multi-criteria decision support approach (the HD method) based on 273 parameters established 0.50% CF, 0.75% SF, 0.75% EW, and 1.00% CB as the group-wise optima and chose 0.75% EW as the single-best performing combination. The findings confirm that electrical curing is a low-carbon, cost-effective, and field-adjustable curing technology with the potential to achieve target strength ratings, in line with the European Green Deal\u2019s climate-neutral building material goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18204811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:53:19Z","timestamp":1761058399000},"page":"4811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electrical Curing of Metakaolin- and GBFS-Based Geopolymers: A Sustainable Technology Aligned with the European Green Deal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5089-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Gokcegoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mucteba","family":"Uysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-7876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orhan","family":"Canpolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3304-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oktay","family":"Arikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3780-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Dilbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65080, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1317-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beyza","family":"Aygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction Technology Program, Vocational School, Istanbul Esenyurt University, Istanbul 34513, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021096","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003658","article-title":"Physical and Mechanical Properties of Treated Recycled Aggregate Concretes-Combination of Mechanical Treatment and Silica Fume","volume":"33","author":"Dilbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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