{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:38:29Z","timestamp":1785551909211,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007835","name":"Silesian University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10\/100\/RGJ25\/0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10\/100\/RGJ25\/0104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ethylene\u2013vinyl acetate (EVA) is a versatile polymer for applications in dental devices; however, its vulnerability to microbial colonization increases with long-term use. This study evaluates EVA composites modified with silver\u2013sodium\u2013hydrogen\u2013zirconium phosphate (SP) particles, aimed at enhancing antimicrobial performance while preserving key functional properties. Composites containing 1\u201316 wt.% SP were prepared via solvent-based and mechanical compounding routes, with scanning electron microscopy confirming correct filler distribution across processing methods. Antimicrobial assays revealed a pronounced reduction in Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans levels, reaching 88% and 98% antimicrobial efficacy, respectively, at 16 wt.% SP. Cytotoxicity testing with L-929 fibroblasts demonstrated maintained cell viability above the 70% threshold, confirming non-cytotoxicity. Mechanical characterization indicated marginal increases in hardness, slight tensile strength reduction at higher filler loadings, while other physicochemical and thermal analyses showed minimal impact on polymer performance. These findings indicate balanced antimicrobial activity with other biofunctional properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18214993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T17:32:01Z","timestamp":1762191121000},"page":"4993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Antimicrobial Filler on Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Composites Property"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5066-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Kwieci\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Apipharma Sp. z o. o., 44\/7 Ko\u015bciuszki Str., 40-040 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6978-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Chr\u00f3szcz-Por\u0119bska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Str., 00-664 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2708-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Barszczewska-Rybarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1044-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"\u017bmudzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0796-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mertas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4179-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Jurczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Institute of Polymer Materials, 55 Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5189-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Popielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 39 B\u0119dzi\u0144ska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-4131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Chladek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"e Dias, R.B., Coto, N.P., Batalha, G.F., and Driemeier, L. (2018). Systematic Study of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) in the Manufacturing of Protector Devices for the Orofacial System. Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.69969"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado, J.I., Kehyaian, P., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Bl\u00e1zquez, J.P. (2025). Thermoplastics for Clear Aligners: A Review. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17121681"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schewe, P., Roehler, A., Spintzyk, S., and Huettig, F. (2022). Shock Absorption Behavior of Elastic Polymers for Sports Mouthguards: An In Vitro Comparison of Thermoplastic Forming and Additive Manufacturing. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15082928"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma\u0144ka-Malara, K., Szersze\u0144, M., G\u00f3rski, B., Tanabe, G., Ueno, T., and Mierzwi\u0144ska-Nastalska, E. (2023). Disinfection and Isotonic Drinks\u2019 Influence on Hardness and Color Stability of Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate Copolymer Mouthguards Used in Martial Arts: An In Vitro Study. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15081822"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2012.08.008","article-title":"Sustained Release from Hot-Melt Extruded Matrices Based on Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Polyethylene Oxide","volume":"82","author":"Almeida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34294","article-title":"The Production and Materials of Mouthguards: Conventional vs Additive Manufacturing\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"10","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12192","article-title":"An Investigation into the Relationship between Thickness Variations and Manufacturing Techniques of Mouthguards","volume":"32","author":"Farrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., and Deng, Q. (2019). The Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) Random Copolymers (PEVA) and Its Covalently Crosslinked Analogues (cPEVA). Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11061055"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46216","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46216","article-title":"Gamma Radiation Aging of EVA\/EPDM Blends: Effect of Vinyl Acetate (VA) Content and Radiation Dose on the Alteration in Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Behavior","volume":"135","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/14328917.2002.11784716","article-title":"Permeation and Sorption of Water and Gases Through EVA Copolymers Films","volume":"6","author":"Marais","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mat. Res. Innovat"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-018-4395-7","article-title":"Superhydrophobic EVA Copolymer Fibers: The Impact of Chemical Composition on Wettability and Photophysical Properties","volume":"296","author":"Acik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12603","article-title":"Effect of Acute Angle Model on Mouthguard Thickness with the Thermoforming Method and Moving the Model Position Just before Fabrication","volume":"37","author":"Takahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12732","article-title":"Basic Research to Propose a New Design of Laminated Mouthguard-Effect of Lamination Order on Thickness","volume":"38","author":"Mizuhashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2006.00427.x","article-title":"Adhesive Strength and Its Improvement Referring to the Laminated-Type Mouthguard","volume":"22","author":"Takeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwahara, R., Tomita, R., Ogawa, N., Nakajima, K., Takeda, T., Uehara, H., and Yamanobe, T. (2017). Crystallization and Hardening of Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) Mouthguards during Routine Use. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44672"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2186\/jpr.JPOR_2019_534","article-title":"Thermal, Structural and Morphological Characterization of Dental Polymers for Clinical Applications","volume":"65","author":"Benli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Badari, R.N. (2022). To Investigate the Bacteria Found on Children\u2019s Mouthguard. [Ph.D. Thesis, Swinburne University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2017-226","article-title":"Novel Antibacterial Mouthguard Material Manufactured Using Silver-Nanoparticle\u2013Embedded Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Masterbatch","volume":"37","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Suzuki, H., Kawara, M., Matsubara, Y., Kuroki, T., Komiyama, O., Asano, T., and Iida, T. (2010, January 16). Development of Mouthguard Cleaning Solution. Proceedings of the IADR General Session 2010, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chladek, G., Nowak, M., Pakie\u0142a, W., and Mertas, A. (2022). Effect of Candida Albicans Suspension on the Mechanical Properties of Denture Base Acrylic Resin. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113841"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucchese, A., Bondemark, L., Marcolina, M., and Manuelli, M. (2018). Changes in Oral Microbiota Due to Orthodontic Appliances: A Systematic Review. J. Oral Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2018.1476645"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Chhibber, A. (2013). Comparison of Microbial Colonization and Periodontal Status Between Clear Aligners, Self-Ligating Brackets and Conventional Brackets\u2014A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. [Master\u2019s Theses, University of Connecticut Graduate School]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.11.021","article-title":"Influence of Thermoplastic Retainers on Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus Adhesion","volume":"141","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2478\/aoj-2022-0006","article-title":"The Effect of Orthodontic Appliances on the Oral Colonisation: A Systematic Review","volume":"38","author":"Campobasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Australas. Orthod. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brzezi\u0144ska-Zaj\u0105c, A., Syci\u0144ska-Dziarnowska, M., Spagnuolo, G., Szyszka-Sommerfeld, L., and Wo\u017aniak, K. (2023). Candida Species in Children Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment with Removable Appliances: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20064824"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109341441","article-title":"Protective Athletic Mouthguards","volume":"1","author":"Glass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111404869","article-title":"Microbiota Found in Protective Athletic Mouthguards","volume":"3","author":"Glass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Ercole, S., Martinelli, D., and Tripodi, D. (2014). Influence of Sport Mouthguards on the Ecological Factors of the Children Oral Cavity. BMC Oral Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-97"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2012.13","article-title":"Long-Term Survival of Salivary Streptococci on Dental Devices Made of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate","volume":"4","author":"Ogawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.321870","article-title":"Antibacterial Effect of a Disinfectant Spray for Sports Mouthguards on Streptococcus Sobrinus","volume":"18","author":"Tanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200515134450","article-title":"Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Hygiene\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Farkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025130018","DOI":"10.36922\/MSAM025130018","article-title":"Disinfection Efficiency and Its Impact on the Mechanical Properties of Multi-Material Mouthguards Fabricated via Fused Filament Fabrication","volume":"4","author":"Bispo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440202104533","article-title":"Sports Mouthguards: Contamination, Roughness, and Chlorhexidine for Disinfection\u2014A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"32","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14480","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14480","article-title":"Effects of Cleaning Sports Mouthguards with Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate on Oral Bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Hayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"107","article-title":"Preparation of nano-silver EVA composite foam material and its antibacterial properties","volume":"44","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1177\/0095244321996396","article-title":"Composites Based on Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and Silver-Calcined Scallop Shell Powder: Mechanical, Thermal, Photocatalytic, and Antibacterial Properties","volume":"53","author":"Manoj","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Elastomers Plast."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2022.104301","article-title":"Ethylene Vinyl Acetate\/Low-Density Polyethylene\/Oyster Shell Powder Composite Films: Preparation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties for Biomedical Applications","volume":"134","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2020.106554","article-title":"Antibacterial Polyethylene\u2014Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Polymeric Blend by Incorporation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"89","author":"Galli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"4145","article-title":"Functionalization of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate with Antimicrobial Chlorhexidine Hexametaphosphate Nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2016-321","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Containing Bioactive Filler against Oral Bacteria","volume":"36","author":"Nagai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2004). Silver Sodium Hydrogen Zirconium Phosphate, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS). File No STD\/1081; Full Public Report."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.56530\/spectroscopy.vo3774k1","article-title":"Halogenated Organic Compounds","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chladek, G., Pakie\u0142a, K., Pakie\u0142a, W., \u017bmudzki, J., Adamiak, M., and Krawczyk, C. (2019). Effect of Antibacterial Silver-Releasing Filler on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Denture Base Material. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244146"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for in Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5)."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chladek, G., Barszczewska-Rybarek, I., Chr\u00f3szcz-Por\u0119bska, M., and Mertas, A. (2023). The Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles on Bacterial Adherence, Cytotoxicity, and Physical and Mechanical Properties of Experimental Dental Composites. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43851-y"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2003). Plastics and Ebonite\u2013Determination of Indentation Hardness by Means of a Durometer (Shore Hardness) (Standard No. ISO 868:2003)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2012). Plastics\u2014Determination of Tensile Properties Part 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and Extrusion Plastics (Standard No. ISO 527-2)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2018). Plastics\u2014Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Part 3: Determination of Temperature and Enthalpy of Melting and Crystallization (Standard No. EN ISO 11357-3:2018)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2023). Plastics\u2014Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Part 1: General Principles (Standard No. EN ISO 11357-1:2023)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Oleksy, M., Heneczkowski, M., and Mossety-Leszczak, B. (2014). Elementy Reologii w Przetw\u00f3rstwie Tworzyw Polimerowych\u2014Materia\u0142y Pomocnicze, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Rzeszowskiej."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2024.108381","article-title":"Advanced Analysis of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Materials for Photovoltaic Modules","volume":"132","author":"Wallner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.15446\/dyna.v86n209.77513","article-title":"Fingerprint Analysis of FTIR Spectra of Polymers Containing Vinyl Acetate","volume":"86","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dyna"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2021.07.026","article-title":"Oral Colonization of Candida Albicans and Streptococcus Mutans in Children with or without Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Pilot Study","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert, A., B\u00fcrgers, R., Baum, F., Kurbad, O., and Wassmann, T. (2021). Influence of the Manufacturing Method on the Adhesion of Candida Albicans and Streptococcus Mutans to Oral Splint Resins. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13101534"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2025.06.013","article-title":"The next Frontier in Antibacterial Dental Resins: A 20-Year Journey of Innovation and Expectations","volume":"41","author":"Melo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smart Dental Materials for Antimicrobial Applications","volume":"24","author":"Montoya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2022.05.007","article-title":"Incorporation of Antimicrobial Agents into Dental Materials Obtained by Additive Manufacturing: A Literature Review","volume":"34","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nafarrate-Valdez, R.A., Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, R.E., Zaragoza-Contreras, E.A., \u00c1yala-Herrera, J.L., Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez, R.A., Reyes-L\u00f3pez, S.Y., Donohue-Cornejo, A., Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., Loyola-Rodr\u00edguez, J.P., and Espinosa-Crist\u00f3bal, L.F. (2022). Anti-Adherence and Antimicrobial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles against Serotypes C and K of Streptococcus Mutans on Orthodontic Appliances. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58070877"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2109\/jcersj2.116.767","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Silver-Carried Sodium Zirconium Phosphate Prepared by Ion-Exchange Reaction","volume":"116","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ceram. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S246764","article-title":"The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.07.002","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles in Dentistry","volume":"33","author":"Noronha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chladek, G., Basa, K., Mertas, A., Pakie\u0142a, W., \u017bmudzki, J., Bobela, E., and Kr\u00f3l, W. (2016). Effect of Storage in Distilled Water for Three Months on the Antimicrobial Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Denture Base Material Doped with Inorganic Filler. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9050328"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05293.x","article-title":"Evaluation of Candida Albicans Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on a Denture Base Acrylic Resin Containing Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"112","author":"Wady","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"357","article-title":"Antibiofilm Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Incorporated into Polymethyl Methacrylate Used for Dental Applications","volume":"34","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1002\/app.25513","article-title":"Effect of Filler Content and Size on the Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer\u2013Wood Fiber Composites","volume":"103","author":"Dikobe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"e241","article-title":"Effect of an Orthodontic Resin Modified with Silver-Nanoparticles on Enamel Color Change","volume":"14","author":"Tay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallineni, S.K., Sakhamuri, S., Kotha, S.L., AlAsmari, A.R.G.M., AlJefri, G.H., Almotawah, F.N., Mallineni, S., and Sajja, R. (2023). Silver Nanoparticles in Dental Applications: A Descriptive Review. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10030327"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-024-03179-0","article-title":"Effects of Defects on the Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites: A Brief Review","volume":"34","author":"Folorunso","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabalina, A.V., Kozlov, V.A., Popov, I.A., and Gudkov, S.V. (2024). A Review on Recently Developed Antibacterial Composites of Inorganic Nanoparticles and Non-Hydrogel Polymers for Biomedical Applications. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14211753"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.14314\/polimery.2023.3.1","article-title":"EVA\/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites for Active Food Packaging: Selected Physical, and Microbial Properties","volume":"58","author":"Majeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polimery"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-020-01838-6","article-title":"Analysis of Antimicrobial Properties of PVA-Based Coatings with Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"31","author":"Prokopowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jab\u0142o\u0144ska-Stencel, E., Pakie\u0142a, W., Mertas, A., Bobela, E., Kasperski, J., and Chladek, G. (2018). Effect of Silver-Emitting Filler on Antimicrobial and Mechanical Properties of Soft Denture Lining Material. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11020318"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM01228H","article-title":"Polymer\u2013Antibiotic Conjugates as Antibacterial Additives in Dental Resins","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16012099","article-title":"Antimicrobial Polymers with Metal Nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Palza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandelli, A. (2024). Nanocomposites and Their Application in Antimicrobial Packaging. Front. Chem., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1356304"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galeja, M., Wypi\u00f3r, K., Wachowicz, J., K\u0119dzierski, P., Hejna, A., Mar\u0107, M., Klewicz, K., Gabor, J., Ok\u0142a, H., and Swinarew, A.S. (2020). POM\/EVA Blends with Future Utility in Fused Deposition Modeling. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13132912"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chladek, G., Kalamarz, I., Pakie\u0142a, W., Barszczewska-Rybarek, I., Czuba, Z., and Mertas, A. (2024). A Temporary Acrylic Soft Denture Lining Material Enriched with Silver-Releasing Filler-Cytotoxicity, Mechanical and Antifungal Properties. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17040902"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2003.01024.x","article-title":"Biofilm Formation of Candida Albicans on the Surfaces of Deteriorated Soft Denture Lining Materials Caused by Denture Cleansers In Vitro","volume":"30","author":"Nikawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000600009","article-title":"Effect of an Acrylic Resin Combined with an Antimicrobial Polymer on Biofilm Formation","volume":"20","author":"Marra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12019","article-title":"Expression Signature in Peripheral Blood Cells for Molecular Diagnosis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Braakhuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral. Diseases"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gow, N.A.R., Latge, J.-P., and Munro, C.A. (2017). The Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function. Microbiol. Spectr., 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0035-2016"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"05","article-title":"Oral Cavity Microflora","volume":"76","author":"Brukwicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2174\/1874437001105010009","article-title":"Prevention of Candida Albicans Biofilm Formation","volume":"5","author":"Coenye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Mycol. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.105261","article-title":"Investigation of Radiopacity and Antibacterial Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Hollow Fiber Utilizable in Ureteral J-Shaped Stents","volume":"34","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-003-0236-1","article-title":"Oral Microbial Biofilms and Plaque-Related Diseases: Microbial Communities and Their Role in the Shift from Oral Health to Disease","volume":"7","author":"Sbordone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-018-1505-3","article-title":"Insights into the Human Oral Microbiome","volume":"200","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017byro, D., Sikora, J., Szynkowska-J\u00f3\u017awik, M.I., and Ochocki, J. (2023). Silver, Its Salts and Application in Medicine and Pharmacy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115723"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-G\u00e1lvez, J., Mart\u00ednez-Isasi, S., G\u00f3mez-Salgado, J., Rumbo-Prieto, J.M., Sobrido-Prieto, M., S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, M., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, D. (2024). Cytotoxicity and Concentration of Silver Ions Released from Dressings in the Treatment of Infected Wounds: A Systematic Review. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1331753"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.02.001","article-title":"The Relationship between Shore Hardness of Elastomeric Dental Materials and Young\u2019s Modulus","volume":"25","author":"Meththananda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1971.150091101","article-title":"Structure and Property Relationships in Ethylene\u2013Vinyl Acetate Copolymers","volume":"9","author":"Salyer","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part. A-1 Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12809","article-title":"Sports Mouthguard Overview: Materials, Fabrication Techniques, Existing Standards, and Future Research Needs","volume":"39","author":"Roberts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-9657.2002.180103.x","article-title":"EVA Mouthguards: How Thick Should They Be?","volume":"18","author":"Westerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders, J., Li\u00dfner, M., Townsend, D., Petrinic, N., and Bergmann, J. (2022). Impact Behaviour of 3D Printed Cellular Structures for Mouthguard Applications. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08018-1"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.20.3.109-117.sar","article-title":"Indirect Orthodontic Bonding\u2014a Modified Technique for Improved Efficiency and Precision","volume":"20","author":"Nojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Press. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2104-170","article-title":"Clinical Trials of 3D Printing Splints to Avoid Contracture Development in Burned Children","volume":"51","author":"Oflaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19960725)61:4<591::AID-APP2>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"The Use of EVA-Containing Mercapto Groups in Natural Rubber-EVA Blends. II. The Effect of Curing System on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Blends","volume":"61","author":"Jansen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fajdek-Bieda, A., and Wr\u00f3blewska, A. (2024). The Use of Natural Minerals as Reinforcements in Mineral-Reinforced Polymers: A Review of Current Developments and Prospects. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16172505"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2008.45","article-title":"Solvent Transport through Carbon Black Filled Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) Composites","volume":"2","author":"Unnikrishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhotan, A., Yates, J., Zidan, S., Haider, J., and Silikas, N. (2021). Flexural Strength and Hardness of Filler-Reinforced PMMA Targeted for Denture Base Application. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14102659"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s13191-014-0385-8","article-title":"Effect of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Flexural Strength of Heat Cured Poly Methyl Methacrylate Resins: An In-Vitro Study","volume":"14","author":"Nazirkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12974","article-title":"Evaluation of Flexural Strength of Different Denture Base Materials Reinforced with Different Nanoparticles","volume":"28","author":"Karci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariotti, G., and Vannozzi, L. (2019). Fabrication, Characterization, and Properties of Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) Composite Thin Films Doped with Piezoelectric Nanofillers. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9081182"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S.-G., Yang, J., Jia, Y.-G., Lu, B., and Ren, L. (2019). TiO2 and PEEK Reinforced 3D Printing PMMA Composite Resin for Dental Denture Base Applications. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9071049"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Han, Q., Zhou, X., Zhang, K., Wang, S., Xu, H.H.K., Weir, M.D., Feng, M., Li, M., and Peng, X. (2017). Heat-Polymerized Resin Containing Dimethylaminododecyl Methacrylate Inhibits Candida Albicans Biofilm. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10040431"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.3013","article-title":"Morphology and Properties of Stearate-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoplatelet-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane","volume":"60","author":"Kotal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S., Srivastava, S.K., and Mittal, V. (2016). Noncovalent Assembly of Carbon Nanofiber\u2013Layered Double Hydroxide as a Reinforcing Hybrid Filler in Thermoplastic Polyurethane\u2013Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.43470"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2008.07.025","article-title":"Elastomer\/LDH Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Studies on Nanoparticle Dispersion, Mechanical Properties and Interfacial Adhesion","volume":"44","author":"Pradhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2007.01.030","article-title":"Synthesis of Partially Exfoliated EPDM\/LDH Nanocomposites by Solution Intercalation: Structural Characterization and Properties","volume":"67","author":"Acharya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Tonder, L., and Labuschagn\u00e9, F.J.W.J. (2021). Systematic Literature Review of the Effect of Layered Double Hydroxides on the Mechanical Properties of Rubber. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13213716"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.06.070","article-title":"Combined XPS and Contact Angle Studies of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Polyvinyl Acetate Blends","volume":"257","author":"Ucar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1002\/app.35189","article-title":"Combined XPS and Contact Angle Studies of Flat and Rough Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Films","volume":"124","author":"Doganci","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2013.01.010","article-title":"Selective Surface Modification of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene Polymer Blend by UV\u2013Ozone Treatment","volume":"43","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.54392\/bsr2223","article-title":"Investigation of Wettability and AC-Conductivity of EVA\/PANI Composite","volume":"4","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515587690","article-title":"Effects of Material Properties on Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation","volume":"94","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2006.01353.x","article-title":"Effect of Material Characteristics and\/or Surface Topography on Biofilm Development","volume":"17","author":"Teughels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8062887","article-title":"Biofilm and Dental Biomaterials","volume":"8","author":"Bakken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stalmann, G., Matic, A., Jacobsson, P., Tranchida, D., Gitsas, A., and Gkourmpis, T. (2022). Crystallisation Kinetics and Associated Electrical Conductivity Dynamics of Poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) Nanocomposites in the Melt State. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12203602"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230067","DOI":"10.1590\/0370-44672023770067","article-title":"Development of Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) Nanocomposites and Foams Reinforced with Reduced Graphene Oxide","volume":"77","author":"Fenner","year":"2024","journal-title":"REM Int. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-009-9296-8","article-title":"Influence of Matrix Polarity on the Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate\u2013Carbon Nanofiller Nanocomposites","volume":"4","author":"George","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelenkov, P.G., Pantyukhov, P.V., Aleshinskaya, S.V., Maltsev, A.A., Abushakhmanova, Z.R., Popov, A.A., Saavedra-Arias, J.J., and Poletto, M. (2024). Thermal Stability of Highly Filled Cellulosic Biocomposites Based on Ethylene\u2013Vinyl Acetate Copolymer. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16152103"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/21\/4993\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T17:41:34Z","timestamp":1762191694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/21\/4993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18214993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18214993","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}}}