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Therefore, this study evaluated Candida albicans colonization and mature biofilm formation on three different 3D-printed denture base resins (Bio Denture\u2014BD; Denture Base Cosmos\u2014CD; Smart Print Bio Denture\u2014SP) and compared them to heat-curing resin (HC). Before the microbiological evaluation, the surface roughness (Sa) was assessed. Biofilm viability was determined through colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU\/mL) and biofilm morphology was qualitatively examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The composition of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was investigated by measuring the amounts of carbohydrates (\u00b5g\/mL), proteins (ng\/mL), and extracellular DNA (eDNA) (fluorescence unit). One-way ANOVA was performed for eDNA and Sa and Kruskal\u2013Wallis for the other properties (\u03b1 = 0.05). Higher surface roughness mean values (standard deviation) (p &lt; 0.05) were observed in CD [0.111 (0.013)] compared to HC [0.084 (0.018) and BD [0.078 (0.015)]. For wettability, BD [63.2 (5.2)] and SP [65.2 (3.1)] resins showed a greater wettability (p &lt; 0.05) than HC resin [73.0 (3.5)], while SP showed lower (p &lt; 0.01) protein levels (425 ng\/mL) compared to HC (568.6 ng\/mL) and BD (554.8 ng\/mL) in the EPS. Despite these differences, the 3D-printed denture base resins exhibited microbial load (CFU\/mL), EPS composition (carbohydrates and eDNA), and morphological features of C. albicans biofilm comparable to those of conventional heat-cured PMMA. These findings suggest that, despite resin-specific variations, 3D-printed denture base materials exhibit a similar susceptibility to C. albicans colonization and biofilm formation as conventional denture bases, thereby directing future research towards developing new 3D-printed resins with enhanced antimicrobial properties to improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18215018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T12:13:08Z","timestamp":1762258388000},"page":"5018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Colonization by Candida albicans and Biofilm Formation on 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Pedro Guilherme Lemos","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparatamento de Materiais Dent\u00e1rios e Pr\u00f3tese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5247-779X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Ribeiro","family":"Cruz-Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparatamento de Materiais Dent\u00e1rios e Pr\u00f3tese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7317-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina Alves","family":"Freiria de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparatamento de Materiais Dent\u00e1rios e Pr\u00f3tese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3797-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raiane Rodrigues da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviane de C\u00e1ssia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparatamento de Materiais Dent\u00e1rios e Pr\u00f3tese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de enfermedades respiratorias (Ciberes), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria Oliveira","family":"Pagnano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparatamento de Materiais Dent\u00e1rios e Pr\u00f3tese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1629-2207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Helena","family":"Silva-Lovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparatamento de Materiais Dent\u00e1rios e Pr\u00f3tese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9195-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Galo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparatamento de Materiais Dent\u00e1rios e Pr\u00f3tese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8081-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunas","family":"Stirke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanessa C. 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