{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T13:23:36Z","timestamp":1763990616127,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents the results of a comprehensive material analysis of medieval decorative bands from two different excavations in present-day Poland, specifically from early medieval cemeteries in Gr\u00f3dek upon the Bug River and Pie\u0144. The bands are complex materials composed of various fibres and precious metals, dyed with natural dyes using recipes that are often unknown today. They represent rare archaeological finds, challenging to analyse not only due to the complexity of their structure and materials but also because of significant deterioration caused by exposure to environmental conditions and harmful substances present in the burial soil. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) facilitated the identification of raw materials, manufacturing techniques, and ornamentation. SEM coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to analyse the metal threads, determine their elemental composition, and assess their preservation state. Natural dye identification was performed on selected objects using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with spectrophotometric detectors and tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI-MS\/MS). The analysis of these results enabled drawing conclusions regarding the origin of the bands and their manufacturing methods. The dating of the bands, based on ornamentation and manufacturing techniques, was confirmed by radiocarbon dating, indicating they date back to the 10th\u201312th centuries. They were produced using two weaving techniques, a narrow haberdashery loom and a tablet loom, primarily from silk and metal threads\u2014silver and silver-gilt. Some materials consisted of red-dyed silk (using kermes or madder), including a metal thread core. The analysis also provided valuable insights into textile degradation, particularly the corrosion mechanisms affecting the metal threads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18235279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1763989765000},"page":"5279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Material Analysis of Early Medieval Woven Bands from Gr\u00f3dek upon the Bug River and Pie\u0144, Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9364-8820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Cybulska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Architecture of Textiles, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego St., 90-543 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Lech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irka","family":"Hajdas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, HPK H25, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Sielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2, 90-537 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Wo\u0142oszyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Archaeology, Department of Medieval and Modern History, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Moniuszki 10, 35-015 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe (GWZO), Reichsstra\u00dfe 4-6, 04109 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Poli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Archaeology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Szosa Bydgoska 44\/48, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Geijer, A. 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