{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:42:28Z","timestamp":1787982148671,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the occurrence of psychoactive opium and tropane alkaloids in ceramic vessels from the Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) using optimized GC-MS\/MS and LC-MS\/MS analytical protocols. Twelve vessels and potsherds, including miniature forms and collared flasks, were subjected to standardized extraction, derivatization, and chromatographic analysis. The GC-MS\/MS method enabled highly sensitive detection of target compounds (LOD &lt; 0.5 ng\/g), while LC-MS\/MS provided complementary confirmation of analytes. Papaverine was identified in three artifacts (N1, N2, G2) using GC-MS\/MS, and its presence was independently confirmed in two of these vessels (N1, N2) by LC-MS\/MS. In one miniature vessel (D1), trace amounts of tropane alkaloids\u2014scopolamine and presumptive atropine\u2014were detected following derivatization. Recovery values ranged from 55% to 61%, demonstrating effective alkaloid isolation despite extensive degradation processes and strong interactions between organic residues and the ceramic matrix. The analytical results indicate that psychoactive plant derivatives could have been intentionally used and stored in selected FBC vessels, supporting interpretations related to ritual or medicinal practices. The validated procedures developed in this work provide a robust framework for the detection of unstable biomolecular residues in prehistoric ceramics and can be applied to future archaeometric and materials-science research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18235316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T16:31:54Z","timestamp":1764088314000},"page":"5316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["GC-MS\/MS and LC-MS\/MS Identification of Opium and Tropane Alkaloids in Pottery from Funnel Beaker Culture Sites in South-Eastern Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6378-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Osak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Buszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina","family":"Taras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Archeology, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University in Lublin, 4 M. Curie-Sk\u0142odowska sq., 20-031 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1487-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zako\u015bcielna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Archeology, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University in Lublin, 4 M. Curie-Sk\u0142odowska sq., 20-031 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4184-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Teresi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Karpi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Design and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36 Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1H Street, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Baj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Normal, Clinical, and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4 Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.07.011","article-title":"Chemical analysis of cacao residues in archaeological ceramics from North America: Considerations of contamination, sample size and systematic controls","volume":"50","author":"Washburn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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