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Carbon-based materials, leveraging their porous structure and surface activity, demonstrate high adsorption potential for treating heavy metal ions, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, and volatile organic pollutants. However, their application is constrained by a limited selective adsorption capacity. This paper systematically analyzes the mechanisms by which carbon-based materials treat water, air, and soil pollutants; investigates their physical and chemical degradation patterns; and summarizes practical physicochemical modification pathways. Research indicates that modification techniques can effectively overcome performance limitations of carbon-based materials, enhance pollutant adsorption efficiency, and provide new insights for the engineering application of multi-media pollution synergistic control and environmental remediation technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18235345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T11:50:13Z","timestamp":1764244213000},"page":"5345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Study on the Mechanism and Modification of Carbon-Based Materials for Pollutant Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lingyi","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Modern Metallurgy Technology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6556-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zitong","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2278-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5278-8043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianxiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Modern Metallurgy Technology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Modern Metallurgy Technology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Modern Metallurgy Technology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Modern Metallurgy Technology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment (2025, September 01). 2024 China Ecological Environment Status Bulle-tin, Available online: https:\/\/mee.gov.cn\/hjzl\/sthjzk\/zghjzkgb\/202506\/P020250604527010717462.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Ruan, R., and Bashir, M.J.K. 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