{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T16:15:33Z","timestamp":1764864933012,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science of Poland","award":["01.0.13.00\/1.02.001\/SUBB.MKKM.25.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.0.13.00\/1.02.001\/SUBB.MKKM.25.001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improving the operational parameters of machinery necessitates the use of materials with higher mechanical characteristics. Strength characteristics, particularly fracture toughness, are strongly linked to the material\u2019s microstructure. This article presents the results of a study examining the effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of G17CrMo5-5 cast steel in its basic and rare-earth modified variants. The addition of rare-earth elements (REEs) to the melt resulted in a reduction and homogenization in grain size, as well as a reduction in the size and shape of non-metallic inclusions. For modified cast steel, there were no grains with a chord size above 120 \u03bcm and inclusions with a diameter above 5.5 \u03bcm. Changes in the microstructure of modified cast steel resulted in a slight increase in strength properties. It significantly increased the fracture toughness: for unmodified cast steel at a temperature of \u221220 \u00b0C, the fracture toughness increased from 94 kN\/m to 416 kN\/m for modified cast steel. Fracture fractographic analysis using non-contact microroughness measurement techniques or measuring the width of the stretch zone allowed for the calculation of fracture toughness without the need for a conventional test. Fracture toughness calculated based on fractographic analysis can be determined for brittle fracture and brittle fracture preceded by plastic growth. Numerical simulations of the loading of specimens tested for fracture toughness allowed us to determine the effect of the REE steel modification on the stress field distribution ahead of the crack front. The modification resulted in a change in the opening stress distribution and the location of its maximum at each temperature. The use of REE modification is an effective approach for homogenizing the microstructure and increasing the fracture toughness of cast steel, especially when the material operates at temperatures in the interval of the fracture mechanism change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18235408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T16:07:38Z","timestamp":1764864458000},"page":"5408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Influence of REE Steel Modification on the Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics Using Fractographic Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8916-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Pa\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Av. 1000-an. of Polish State, 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Furma\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Av. 1000-an. of Polish State, 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Influence of Rare Earth Metals on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of G20Mn5 Cast Steel","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. 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