{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T21:15:49Z","timestamp":1787865349868,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004421","name":"Warsaw University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["I-Chem.5 of the Scientific Council of Chemical Engineering"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-Chem.5 of the Scientific Council of Chemical Engineering"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable products like carbon monoxide (CO) is an important process facing limitations due to poor energy efficiency. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactors offer a potential solution through synergistic plasma catalysis, making the selection of an optimal solid packing material a critical design challenge. Methods: This study investigated the impact of four different packing materials\u2014Al2O3, ZrO2, glass beads, and kaolin pellets\u2014on the CO2 conversion process in a DBD reactor. The materials\u2019 physical and chemical properties (porosity and composition) were analyzed. Experiments were conducted to examine the influence of gas flow rates and bead size on CO2 and CO concentrations. The study utilized optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and kinetic mathematical modeling to characterize the discharge and the reaction. Results: Higher gas flow rates led to a decrease in CO2 conversion due to reduced specific energy input. The addition of solid packing significantly improved system efficiency by promoting filamentary and surface discharges, with smaller beads yielding higher conversion rates. Notably, kaolin demonstrated unique performance characteristics, suggested by its increased plasma brightness, likely due to flow-induced turbulence promoting the reaction. Conclusions: Proper material selection and packing design are crucial for efficient CO2 splitting, concurrently boosting energy efficiency and maintaining high conversion. While Al2O3 (corundum) shows high intrinsic activity, kaolin emerges as a highly competitive and advantageous material when associated costs are considered paramount for large-scale applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18235411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T16:07:38Z","timestamp":1764864458000},"page":"5411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Use of Metal Oxides (Al2O3 and ZrO2) and Supports (Glass and Kaolin) to Enhance DBD Plasma-Catalytic CO2 Conversion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8487-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Dorosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2298-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Zaraska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Krak\u00f3w Division, ul. Zab\u0142ocie 39, 30-701 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9012-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Lewak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5073-4975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Ma\u0142olepszy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Jaworski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1114-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Moskal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1039\/B912904A","article-title":"The Teraton Challenge. A Review of Fixation and Transformation of Carbon Dioxide","volume":"3","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ee00056g","article-title":"Catalysis for CO2 Conversion: A Key Technology for Rapid Introduction of Renewable Energy in the Value Chain of Chemical Industries","volume":"6","author":"Centi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Environ. 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