{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:35:52Z","timestamp":1788262552071,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF0906000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0906000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Achievements Transformation Project of Scientific Research Institutes of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["2024ZHYS0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZHYS0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At present, phosphogypsum, as an industrial by-product, is a solid waste in phosphoric acid production, and its accumulation has caused serious environmental pollution. Furthermore, due to the insufficient insulation properties of traditional wall materials, the issue of a rising proportion of building energy consumption in total social energy consumption has become increasingly pressing. The study investigated vitrified beads as a light aggregate and phosphogypsum, mineral powder, and quicklime as an inorganic composite cementitious system to prepare the phosphogypsum-based lightweight thermal insulation material. The effect mechanism of the initial material ratio on the mechanical properties and micro-morphology of insulation materials was studied by macroscale mechanical property testing, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, in order to meet the performance indexes specified in relevant standards, insulation materials were modified by adding sulfate aluminate cement, basalt fibers, and a waterproof agent to improve the strength, toughness, and water resistance. Based on the single-factor experimental design, the optimal dosage of various admixtures was obtained. The results indicated that the optimal properties of the sample were achieved when the binder\u2013bead ratio was 1:4, the water\u2013binder ratio was 1.6, the dosage of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was 0.1%, and the solid content of waterborne acrylic emulsion was 24%. The optimal dosages of cement and fibers were 8% and 0.9%, respectively. The cement hydration products and gypsum crystals lapped through each other, filling the pores in the matrix and increasing the strength of the sample. In addition, the fibers could form a disordered network structure inside the matrix, disperse external force, weaken the stress concentration at the tip of internal cracks, and significantly improve the toughness of the modified sample. By incorporating 2.0% paraffin emulsion in the mortar and spraying 5 dilutions of sodium methyl silicate on the external surface, dense protective layers were formed both inside and outside the modified sample. The water absorption rate reduced from 30.27% to 23.30%, and the water resistance was increased to satisfy the specified requirement for the insulation material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18245476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T15:11:24Z","timestamp":1764947484000},"page":"5476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study on Preparation and Properties of Phosphogypsum-Based Lightweight Thermal Insulation Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangxin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.087","article-title":"Impact of external insulation and internal thermal density upon energy consumption of buildings in a temperate climate with four distinct seasons","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. 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