{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:05:12Z","timestamp":1787061912329,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/49\/N\/ST5\/03551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/49\/N\/ST5\/03551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-158719OB-C33 (MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, UE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-158719OB-C33 (MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, UE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study investigates the influence of alternating current (AC) frequency on the formation and properties of calcium-, phosphorus-, and selenium-containing micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings on high-purity magnesium. Coatings were produced at 50\u2013400 Hz in a phytic-acid-based electrolyte containing Ca, P, and Se precursors, and their structure, chemistry, and functional performance were systematically evaluated. Surface morphology, analyzed by SEM and optical profilometry, revealed frequency-dependent features: lower frequencies (50 Hz) promoted thicker, rougher coatings with extensive cracking, whereas intermediate frequencies (100\u2013200 Hz) yielded more uniform, porous surfaces. The CaPSe_100 specimen exhibited the most homogeneous topography (lowest S10z and SD) combined with the highest porosity (28.4%), strong hydrophilicity, and the greatest selenium incorporation (1.30 wt.%). Hydrogen evolution testing in Hanks\u2019 solution demonstrated a drastic improvement in corrosion resistance following MAO treatment: the degradation rate of bare Mg (5.50 mm\/year) was reduced to 0.012 mm\/year for the CaPSe_100 coating\u2014well below the clinical tolerance threshold for biodegradable implants. This outstanding performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of a uniform oxide barrier, optimized porosity, and homogeneous surface morphology. The results highlight the potential of frequency-controlled AC-MAO processing as a route to tailor magnesium surfaces for multifunctional, corrosion-resistant biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18245505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:30:07Z","timestamp":1765207807000},"page":"5505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Frequency-Controlled AC-MAO Coatings with Ca, P, and Se on Magnesium: Toward Tailored Surfaces for Biodegradable Implants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1966-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balbina","family":"Makurat-Kasprolewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9929-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Endzhe","family":"Matykina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Asociada al ICTP-CSIC, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica (IQM-CSIC), Grupo de S\u00edntesis Org\u00e1nica y Bioevaluaci\u00f3n, Instituto Pluridisciplinar (UCM), Paseo de Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08014","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202508014","article-title":"Biodegradable Medical Implants: Reshaping Future Medical Practice","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. 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