{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:45:49Z","timestamp":1791161149124,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) represent a sustainable alternative to conventional isocyanate-based systems, eliminating toxic reagents while maintaining good performance. In this study, bio-based NIPU coatings were synthesized from carbonated soybean oil (CSBO) via the carbonation of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) using carbon dioxide (CO2), followed by polymerization with ethylenediamine (EDA) and varying concentrations of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) (0\u201320 wt%). The amine groups of EDA and APTES participate in the ring-opening of cyclic carbonates to form \u03b2-hydroxyurethane linkages, while the triethoxysilane moieties of APTES may undergo hydrolysis\u2013condensation to produce Si\u2013O\u2013Si domains, resulting in a \u03b2-hydroxyurethane\u2013siloxane hybrid network. The optimized formulation CEA-5 exhibited the best, including a tensile strength of 3.3 MPa, elongation at break of ~150%, glass transition temperature (Tg) of ~7 \u00b0C, and thermal stability up to ~350 \u00b0C, where major thermal degradation happens. The synthesized coating material also shows adhesion (3.6 MPa on oak for CEA-10), hydrophobic behavior (water contact angle (WCA) ~102\u00b0 for CEA-5), good chemical and ultraviolet (UV) resistance, and shape memory. The synergistic effect of urethane hydrogen bonding and siloxane crosslinking imparted enhanced toughness, flexibility, and durability. These findings express a scalable, eco-friendly strategy for producing silane-modified NIPU coatings with good mechanical, thermal, and coating performance suitable for sustainable industrial coating and adhesive applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18245551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T16:11:18Z","timestamp":1765383078000},"page":"5551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Design and Characterization of Silane-Modified Bio-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Coatings for Advanced Surface Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7482-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rutu","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S Broadway St., Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0997-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayankkumar L.","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5355-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S Broadway St., Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2025.128553","article-title":"Beyond Isocyanates: Advances in Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Chemistry and Applications","volume":"332","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mayankkumar, C., and Ram, G. 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