{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:23:48Z","timestamp":1779143028264,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2105603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2105603"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22178168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22178168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21776130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21776130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22078150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22078150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sustainable lignosulfonate was employed as a key component for coordinating with various metal ions, affording metal-coordinated lignosulfonate catalysts (Hf-LigS) for hexose transformation. We first investigated the contribution of bare or tandem Lewis\/Br\u00f8nsted acid sites in each of the reaction steps. The results indicated that glucose isomerization was synergistically catalyzed by Lewis acid\u2013base couple sites, and Br\u00f8nsted acid sites were preferred for consecutive fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). DMSO and deep eutectic solvents enhanced the glucose dehydration and inhibited the isomerization reaction, leading to the formation of Levoglucosan (LGA) intermediate. Considering this, the Hf-LigS with moderate Lewis acid\/base sites and Br\u00f8nsted acid sites exhibited the best catalytic activity for hexose transformation, especially the isomerization reaction at high glucose concentration in ethanol (&gt;20 wt%). This study established a fundamental understanding of the role of catalytic sites and solvent, guiding the selective transformation of hexose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18245584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:13:33Z","timestamp":1765538013000},"page":"5584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metal-Coordinated Lignosulfonate Catalysts for the Selective Conversion of Hexose: Active Site and Reaction Medium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Luyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yirong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangfei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2580-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2546-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8059","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b06263","article-title":"Characterizing variability in lignocellulosic biomass: A review","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. 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