{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:26:19Z","timestamp":1789158379603,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection","award":["KFJJ22-03M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJJ22-03M"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021A1515110677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110677"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"2025 College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Dongguan University of Technology","award":["202511819167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202511819167"]}]},{"name":"Featured Innovation Project of Guangdong Universities","award":["2022KTSCX375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KTSCX375"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the dynamic response of orthotropic materials under uniaxial impact loading has been extensively studied, their behavior under multiaxial stress states, which more accurately represent real-world blast and impact scenarios, has received limited attention. To address this gap, this study employed a self-developed biaxial impact testing apparatus to systematically investigate the dynamic mechanical behavior of beech wood, a typical orthotropic material, under three biaxial loading configurations: radial-tangential, radial-longitudinal, and tangential-longitudinal. By combining theoretical derivation with experimental data, it systematically examines stress wave propagation characteristics, strain rate effects, and anisotropy evolution under different loading paths. The results reveal that beech wood exhibits significantly distinct dynamic responses along different material orientations, with a consistent strength hierarchy: longitudinal &gt; radial &gt; tangential. Biaxial loading notably enhances the equivalent stress\u2013strain response and alters the deformation mechanisms and energy absorption behavior. Furthermore, lateral confinement and multiaxial stress coupling are identified as critical factors influencing the dynamic performance. This study provides the first systematic revelation of the strain rate strengthening mechanisms and wave propagation characteristics of orthotropic materials from the perspective of multiaxial dynamic loading, thereby offering theoretical and experimental foundations for developing advanced dynamic constitutive models suitable for complex impact conditions. These findings provide important guidance for the design and evaluation of lightweight impact-resistant structures in fields such as aerospace and protective engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18245634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:52:59Z","timestamp":1765813979000},"page":"5634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study on the Dynamic Mechanical Response of Orthotropic Materials Under Biaxial Impact Loading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9700-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shumeng","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Engineering Research & Test Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7206-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifeng","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Innovation Center for Equipment Lightweight Design and Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart Urban Construction, Guangzhou City Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangkun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"},{"name":"Dongguan Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structure Rehabilitation, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Huan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Engineering Research & Test Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3845-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaodong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"},{"name":"Dongguan Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structure Rehabilitation, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiquan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"917","article-title":"Anisotropic dynamic damage and fragmentation of rock materials under explosive loading","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. 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