{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:36:32Z","timestamp":1780605392020,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Association of Orthodontists Foundation (AAOF) Biomedical Research Award"},{"name":"International Orthodontic Foundation (IOF) Young Research Grant"},{"name":"American Association for Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Research Anne D. Haffajee Fellowship"},{"name":"American Academy of Periodontology Foundation (AAPF) Dr. Colin Richman And Family Perio.-Ortho. Interface Award"},{"name":"J. Henry O\u2019Hern Jr. Pilot Grant from the Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthodontic treatment, offering significant benefits for oral function and facial aesthetics, is in high demand among both adolescent and adult populations. Orthodontic appliances pose challenges for maintaining oral hygiene and increase the risk of dental and periodontal diseases. With advances in dental materials and the use of nanoparticles, a significant amount of research has focused on modifying orthodontic appliances with nanoparticles to reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Silver nanoparticles are one of the most popular antibacterial materials in medical research. This article presents current evidence on silver nanoparticle-incorporated orthodontic appliances, including brackets, molar bands, archwires, elastomeric ligatures, mini-implants, and acrylic retainers. Silver nanoparticles and modified silver nanoparticles exhibit robust antibacterial activity when applied to the surfaces of orthodontic appliances. However, there are exceptions in which, on a few orthodontic appliances, the silver nanoparticle incorporation actually increased biofilm formation. Moreover, a silver nanoparticle incorporation may introduce adverse effects, such as cytotoxicity, and increase surface roughness. It is also worth noting that most of the studies were conducted in vitro. Long-term clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the stability, safety, and clinical efficacy of silver nanoparticle-incorporated orthodontic appliances under real-world conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19010115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1767187852000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Usage of Silver Nanoparticles in Orthodontic Appliances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Meigan","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet Jisoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7277-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geelsu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsi","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2314-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark S.","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4905-3563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenshuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e263\u2013272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.06.022","article-title":"Assessment of motivation and psychological characteristics of adult orthodontic patients","volume":"140","author":"Pabari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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