{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:50:36Z","timestamp":1787741436982,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12272356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12272356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China","award":["2022-SYSJJ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-SYSJJ-03"]}]},{"name":"Yunan Funndamental Research Projects","award":["202501CF070200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202501CF070200"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province","award":["202304051001015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304051001015"]}]},{"name":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of Dynamics of Impact and Disaster of Engineering Struc-tures, Nanyang Institute of Technology","award":["DIDES-2024-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIDES-2024-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the conflicting demands of lightweight materials and high load-bearing capacity in high-end fields such as aerospace and biomedical engineering, there is an urgent need to conduct research on the mechanical behavior and response mechanism of porous titanium alloy structures. In this paper, a combination of experimental testing, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis was employed to conduct the research. A titanium alloy porous structure with different porosities was constructed based on classical three-period minimal surface optimization, and its preparation was completed using advanced selective laser melting technology. A multidimensional characterization experimental device was established to accurately obtain its mechanical performance data. It was found that the mechanical behavior of the structures is insensitive to loading rates, but more sensitive to their structural volume fraction. The quantitative characterization of microstructure damage and fracture morphology, as well as the identification of failure modes, indicates that the microstructure damage of the porous metal exhibits a ductile\u2013brittle synergistic damage characteristic. By combining high-precision numerical simulation technology, the damage modes and damage evolution laws of porous metal structures in titanium alloys were comprehensively elucidated. By analyzing energy dissipation and constructing evaluation indicators for energy absorption efficiency, the energy absorption characteristics of the porous metal structure were elucidated, and the interaction behavior and correlation mode between the platform stress and the structural volume fraction of the porous metal structure were accurately described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19010149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:34:23Z","timestamp":1767198863000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation on Mechanical Properties, Damage Forms, and Failure Mechanisms of Additively Manufactured Schoen Gyroid TPMS Porous Structures Under Compressive Load"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanming","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8868-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongcheng","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8299-7022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linzhuang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heyang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shijiazhuang Campus, Army Engineering University of PLA, Shijiazhuang 050003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-023-2726-2","article-title":"MOF-derived porous graphitic carbon with optimized plateau capacity and rate capability for high performance lithium-ion capacitors","volume":"31","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-022-2443-2","article-title":"Self-supporting and hierarchically porous NixFe\u2014S\/NiFe2O4 heterostructure as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for fluctuating overall water splitting","volume":"29","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-020-2169-y","article-title":"Electrochemical preparation of the Fe-Ni36 Invar alloy from a mixed oxides precursor in molten carbonates","volume":"27","author":"Dou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-024-2875-y","article-title":"Rational construction of heterointerfaces in biomass sugarcane-derived carbon for superior electromagnetic wave absorption","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-024-2876-x","article-title":"Enhancing corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on AM50 Mg alloy by inhibitor containing Ba(NO3)2 solutions","volume":"31","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-024-2958-9","article-title":"Co\/Co7Fe3 heterostructures with controllable alloying degree on carbon spheres as bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc-air batteries","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-022-2496-2","article-title":"In-situ grown NiCo bimetal anchored on porous straw-derived biochar composites with boosted microwave absorption properties","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.180948","article-title":"A comparative study of hot deformation behavior between powder sintering and forged ingot TA15 alloys","volume":"1031","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloy Compd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.181086","article-title":"Investigation of microstructural and mechanical performance of HEA alloy coated over titanium processed by laser cladding","volume":"1031","author":"Ramkumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloy Compd."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.181734","article-title":"Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a metastable Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-6Cr-1Nb alloy during heat treatment","volume":"1036","author":"An","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloy Compd."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.180730","article-title":"Mechanisms of microstructural evolution and their synergistic evolutionary behavior of a near \u03b2 Ti alloy with lamellar structure during sub \u03b2-transus hot deformation","volume":"1029","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloy Compd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.180418","article-title":"New insight into deformation mechanism for a low-cost titanium alloy during isothermal compression","volume":"1026","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloy Compd."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.13422","article-title":"Quasi-static compression and compression\u2013compression fatigue behavior of regular and irregular cellular biomaterials","volume":"44","author":"Raghavendra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markovsky, P.E., Janiszewski, J., Dekhtyar, O., Mecklenburg, M., and Prikhodko, S.V. (2022). Deformation mechanism and structural changes in the globular Ti-6Al-4V alloy under quasi-static and dynamic compression: To the question of the controlling phase in the deformation of \u03b1 + \u03b2 titanium alloys. Crystals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12050645"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.MT-M2021250","article-title":"Cell size effects in additively manufactured porous titanium consisting of ordered rhombic dodecahedron cells","volume":"63","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2023.112698","article-title":"Dynamic compression behavior of multilayered titanium matrix composites","volume":"197","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1080\/02670836.2022.2075171","article-title":"Influencing mechanism of trace elements on quasi-static ignition of TiZrHf-based high-entropy alloys","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Tech-Lond."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muiruri, A., Maringa, M., and du Preez, W. (2022). Quasi-static mechanical properties of post-processed laser powder bed fusion Ti-6Al-4V (ELI) parts under compressive loading. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199552"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.09.128","article-title":"Quasi-static and dynamic deformation behavior of Hf28Be18Ti17Zr17Cu7.5Ni12.5 high-entropy bulk metallic glass","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2022.104262","article-title":"Pure shear plastic flow and failure of titanium alloys under quasi-static and dynamic torsional loading","volume":"167","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"153","article-title":"Limiting dynamics in one-dimensional porous-elasticity","volume":"132","author":"Freitas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asymptot. Anal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.111205","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of bilayer structures of Ti64 alloy and its composites with TiC or TiB under quasi-static and dynamic compression","volume":"223","author":"Markovsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Design"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.08.018","article-title":"Additive manufacturing, quasi-static and dynamic compressive behaviours of ceramic lattice structures","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.12.168","article-title":"Numerical and experimental study of porous NiTi anisotropy under compression","volume":"22","author":"Marchenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101760","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202101760","article-title":"Numerical investigation of ti6al4v gradient lattice structures with tailored mechanical response","volume":"24","author":"Guagliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12598-018-1008-z","article-title":"Quasi-static and dynamic plastic deformation behavior in titanium with vanadium addition","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rare Met."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5084","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00214","article-title":"Mechanical properties directionality and permeability of fused triply periodic minimal surface porous scaffolds fabricated by selective laser melting","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acs Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18014","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-022-07205-9","article-title":"Effect of energy density on quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloy additive-manufactured by selective laser melting","volume":"57","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053301","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/acccdf","article-title":"Effects of disorder on deformation and failure of brittle porous materials","volume":"2023","author":"Ritter","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Stat. Mech. Theory Exp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markovsky, P.E., Janiszewski, J., Stasiuk, O.O., Savvakin, D.G., Oryshych, D.V., and Dziewit, P. (2023). Mechanical energy absorption ability of titanium-based porous structures produced by various powder metallurgy approaches. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16093530"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.144440","article-title":"Effect of build orientation on dynamic compressive behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by selective laser melting","volume":"862","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105659","article-title":"Fracture in porous bone analysed with a numerical phase-field dynamical model","volume":"139","author":"Carlsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.143739","article-title":"Excellent strength-ductility balance of a titanium alloy via controlling stress-induced \u03c9 transformation assisted by \u03b1-\u03b2 hybrid structure","volume":"853","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marstruc.2022.103191","article-title":"Research on the quasi-static collapse and instantaneous implosion of the deep-sea spherical pressure hull","volume":"83","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Struct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, H.Q., Pang, Y.Z., Liu, X., and Qu, J. (2022). Experimental study of the dynamic and static compression mechanical properties of closed-cell PVC foams. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14173522"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1080\/02670836.2022.2069317","article-title":"Response of Ti6321 titanium alloy at different strain rates under tensile loading","volume":"38","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, G.Y., Xu, G.L., Gao, Q., Feng, Z.H., Huang, P., and Zu, G.Y. (2023). Compressive properties and energy absorption behavior of 316l steel foam prepared by space holder technique. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16041419"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.115918","article-title":"Thermo-mechanical performances of elastic\u2013porous materials with metallic wire mesh structures","volume":"297","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.109724","article-title":"Anisotropic compression behaviors of bio-inspired modified body-centered cubic lattices validated by additive manufacturing","volume":"234","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Part B-Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2023.117915","article-title":"Unravelling the relation between Laser Powder Bed Fusion processing parameters and the mechanical behaviour of as built lattices in a novel Al\u2013Cu\u2013Mg\u2013Ag\u2013Ti\u2013B alloy","volume":"315","author":"Beevers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process Tech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.144026","article-title":"Microstructure evolution and shear band formation in an ultrafine-grained Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloy during cold compression","volume":"856","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2025.105881","article-title":"Spinodal metamaterials optimization based on genetic algorithm: Controlling mechanical anisotropy via dimensionless Cahn-Hilliard equation","volume":"116","author":"Mandolesi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech.\/A Solid"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iandiorio, C., Mattei, G., Marotta, E., Costanza, G., Tata, M.E., and Salvini, P. (2024). The Beneficial Effect of a TPMS-Based Fillet Shape on the Mechanical Strength of Metal Cubic Lattice Structures. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17071553"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, X.H., and Duan, X.Y. (2019). Constitutive Model and Cutting Simulation of Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V after Heat Treatment. J. Mater., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244145"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2023.104756","article-title":"Constitutive modelling of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion and its application to micro cutting simulation","volume":"185","author":"Outeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2023.104493","article-title":"Plasticity, ductile fracture and ballistic impact behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy","volume":"174","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2020.103689","article-title":"Effects of strain rate and stress state on mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy","volume":"145","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2003.06.005","article-title":"Quasi-static and dynamic loading responses and constitutive modeling of titanium alloys","volume":"20","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuninetti, V., Sep\u00falveda, H., Beecher, C., Rojas-Ulloa, C., O\u00f1ate, A., Medina, C., and Valenzuela, M. (2024). A combined experimental and numerical calibration approach for modeling the performance of aerospace-grade Titanium alloy products. Aerospace, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace11040285"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2022.103338","article-title":"Establishing flow stress behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and development of constitutive models using Johnson-Cook method and Artificial Neural Network for quasi-static and dynamic loading","volume":"119","author":"Deb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mec."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1515\/mt-2022-0371","article-title":"A modified Johnson\u2013Cook constitutive model for titanium alloy TA31 and its implementation into FE","volume":"65","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Test."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Wang, H., Yang, H., Wang, W.Z., Xi, X.L., Bai, C.Y., Bai, E.R., and Fan, X.L. (2024). Energy absorption properties of multi-panel reinforced tubular structure under quasi-static compression loading. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2024.2443101"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Lyu, W., Kong, J., Yang, Z.Y., and Qi, B. (2025). Pore characteristics and compressive energy-absorption properties of four wood species. Wood Mater. Sci. Eng., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2024.2449467"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.113127","article-title":"Study of CuCrZr alloy gradient hybrid triply periodic minimal surface structures: Design, fabrication and energy absorption properties","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2025.114045","article-title":"Compressive and energy absorption properties of titanium hybrid lattice structures for bioimplant applications fabricated via LPBF","volume":"254","author":"Cichocki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2025.113036","article-title":"Design, fabrication and mechanical properties of an auxetic cylindrical sandwich tube with improved energy absorption","volume":"210","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thin Wall Struct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2025.120600","article-title":"Nest hybridization of BCC and TPMS lattices: A design for high-efficiency energy absorption in additive manufacturing","volume":"339","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2011.09.059","article-title":"Compressive properties and energy absorption behavior of Al\u2013Al2O3 composite foam synthesized by space-holder technique","volume":"35","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wang, K., Lei, J., and Fan, X.L. (2024). Compressive Properties and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Co-Continuous Interlocking PDMS\/PLA Lattice Composites. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17163894"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2025.112922","article-title":"Mechanical properties and deformation behavior of porous titanium alloy structures with different femoral inclination angle","volume":"209","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thin Wall. Struct."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2025.112979","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of crack-free large IN738LC parts through tailored substrate designs","volume":"210","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thin Wall. Struct."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2025.113331","article-title":"Experimental study on the post-yield responses and crushing patterns of additively manufactured Rhombic Dodecahedron lattices in biaxial compression","volume":"213","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thin Wall. Struct."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/1\/149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:28:07Z","timestamp":1767677287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/1\/149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19010149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19010149","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}}}