{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:54:20Z","timestamp":1787028860369,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wallon Region in the frame of the UP-PLASTICS-MANO FEDER Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study reports on the use of degraded lignin in combination with tannins to develop sustainable, formaldehyde-free, and bio-based phenolic foams. Mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of the different foams were systematically evaluated using compression testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mass loss cone calorimetry (MLC), and UL-94 flammability tests. Lignin degradation\/activation was carried out via a hydrothermal process in the presence of ethanol. Ethanol-induced lignin hydrogenolysis and thermal degradation were deemed a necessary step to obtain foams with satisfactory mechanical, morphological, and thermal insulation properties. Meanwhile, the fire resistance assessed by MLC remains comparable to that of tannin-based foams, with a similarly low peak heat release rate (pHRR).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19020334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T12:04:22Z","timestamp":1768392262000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Toward Safer and Greener Insulation: Formaldehyde-Free, Flame-Retardant, and Bio-Based Phenolic Foams from Tannin and Modified-Lignin Combination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jevgenij","family":"Lazko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materia Nova Research Center, UMONS Innovation Center, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, B-7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Mariage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materia Nova Research Center, UMONS Innovation Center, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, B-7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Joyet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materia Nova Research Center, UMONS Innovation Center, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, B-7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelheq","family":"Layachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire LSPN, Universit\u00e9 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria"},{"name":"ISTA, Universit\u00e9 Fr\u00e8res Mentouri, Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Satha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire LSPN, Universit\u00e9 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1534-1564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materia Nova Research Center, UMONS Innovation Center, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, B-7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1284-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fouad","family":"Laoutid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materia Nova Research Center, UMONS Innovation Center, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, B-7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62999","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA08249A","article-title":"Synthesis of a Cardanol-Based Phosphorus-Containing Polyurethane Prepolymer and Its Application in Phenolic Foams","volume":"6","author":"Bo","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, P., and Chang, J. 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Stab."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/2\/334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T12:05:22Z","timestamp":1768392322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/2\/334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19020334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19020334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]}}}