{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T07:30:32Z","timestamp":1791099032101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007751","name":"AGH University of Krakow","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16.16.170.654\/B507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.170.654\/B507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The properties of chemically bonded core sands strongly depend on the reactivity of phenol-formaldehyde resole binders and on the granulometry of the sand matrix. This study presents an evaluation of the mechanical, technological, thermomechanical, and thermophysical properties of core sands prepared using two resole binders with different reactivity levels (Resin 1\u2014lower reactivity; Resin 2\u2014higher reactivity) and two fractions of quartz sand (BK 40 and BK 45). The investigations included the kinetics of strength development (1\u201348 h), friability, permeability, thermal deformation (DMA), and the determination of thermophysical coefficients (\u03bb2, a2, b2) based on temperature field registration during the solidification of a copper plate. The results indicate that sands containing the higher-reactivity binder exhibit a faster early strength increase (\u22480.42\u20130.45 MPa after 1\u20133 h), whereas sands bonded with the lower-reactivity resin reach higher tensile strength after 24\u201348 h (\u22480.58\u20130.62 MPa). Specimens based on BK 45 quartz sand achieved higher tensile strength; however, the finer grain fraction resulted in increased friability (up to \u22483.97%) and a reduction in permeability by 30\u201340%. DMA analysis confirmed that sands based on BK 40 exhibit delayed and more stable thermal deformation. Thermophysical parameters revealed that BK 45 provides significantly higher thermal insulation, extending the solidification time of the Cu plate from 71\u201373 s to 89\u201392 s compared with BK 40. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of BK 40 quartz sand and a lower-reactivity resin offers an optimal balance between thermal conductivity and thermal stability, promoting improved technological performance in casting processes. The determined thermophysical coefficients can be directly applied as input data for foundry process simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19020361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:35:27Z","timestamp":1768822527000},"page":"361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influence of Binder Reactivity and Grain Size Fraction on the Technological, Mechanical, and Thermophysical Properties of Core Moulding Sands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3616-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Piwowarski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8436-8324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faustyna","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1964-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Bobrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czerwi\u0144ska, K., Pacana, A., and Ostasz, G. 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