{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T21:06:52Z","timestamp":1782508012104,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRZZ-IP-2022\u201310-6065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-IP-2022\u201310-6065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pure titanium (Ti) and its alloys are the gold standard for dental implants because a stable titanium dioxide passive film provides excellent corrosion resistance in physiological environments. In this study, we aimed to examine electrochemical interactions between Ti and cobalt\u2013chromium\u2013molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo), and between a novel Ti\u2013magnesium composite (BIACOM TiMg) and CoCrMo, when immersed in everyday solutions representing beverage or oral hygiene exposure. Test solutions included Coca-Cola\u00ae, lemon juice, Elmex\u00ae fluoride gel, Listerine\u00ae Cool Mint, and Sensodyne\u00ae fluoride paste. Immersion experiments paired Ti sticks with CoCrMo sticks and, separately, BIACOM TiMg with CoCrMo sticks, with three measurements per configuration. When galvanically coupled with CoCrMo, immersion in Coca-Cola produced galvanic potential differences of ~983 mV for the BIACOM TiMg-CoCrMo couple and 830 mV for the commercially pure grade 4 (CP4) Ti-CoCrMo couple, indicating significant electrochemical instability. Both materials showed significant potential increases in Elmex fluoride gel. Listerine Cool Mint and Sensodyne fluoride exposure produced electrochemical interactions exceeding 200 mV. Significant differences in corrosion stability were observed between CP4 Ti and BIACOM TiMg. These findings indicate that material pairing and electrolyte environment significantly influence galvanic behavior, with the Ti-Mg composite showing greater susceptibility than CP4 Ti, informing dental\/biomedical material selection in oral environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19020367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:27:53Z","timestamp":1768570073000},"page":"367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electrochemical Interactions of Titanium and Cobalt\u2013Chromium\u2013Molybdenum Alloy in Different Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5787-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Ivica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Gunduli\u0107eva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Gunduli\u0107eva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matea","family":"Nimac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Dental Clinic, Kranj\u010devi\u0107eva ulica 47, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivica","family":"Pelivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Gunduli\u0107eva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Gunduli\u0107eva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1439-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matija","family":"Rogli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1337-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomislav","family":"Kova\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cifrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurica","family":"Matijevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Gunduli\u0107eva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Gunduli\u0107eva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applications of metal alloys in dentistry\u2014A review","volume":"33","author":"Eichner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. 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