{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T18:14:51Z","timestamp":1769537691262,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF0609000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0609000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["523B2038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["523B2038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52171034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52171034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52101037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52101037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work investigates the corrosion behavior of 18%Ni high-strength steel (00Ni18Co-8Mo5TiAl, solution-treated at 820 \u00b0C for 3 h and aged at 480 \u00b0C for 3 h) in NaCl solutions with 1%, 3.5%, and 6% chloride ions, as well as chloride ions\u2019 effect on passive film properties. The corrosion process was systematically studied via chemical immersion tests (GB\/T 17897-1999, 144 h, solution-to-sample contact area ratio 20:1) and electrochemical methods, including EIS (frequency range: 100 kHz\u20130.01 Hz) and Tafel polarization curves (scan rate: 10 mV\/min). Passive film evolution was analyzed via Mott\u2013Schottky curves (fixed frequency: 1000 Hz, scanning potential: \u22121 V to 1 V vs. SCE). Microstructural observations show the steel exhibits pitting corrosion in chloride environments, with corrosion products transforming from loose outer \u03b1-FeOOH\/\u03b3-FeOOH to dense inner Fe3O4\/\u03b2-FeOOH. These dense products inhibit anodic reactions. Electrochemical results reveal polarization resistance decreases and corrosion current density rises with increasing chloride concentration. Mott\u2013Schottky curves indicate that flat band potential increases from \u22120.2177 V to \u22120.1258 V with rising chloride concentration, increasing point defects in the passive film and weakening its self-healing ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19020444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:35:56Z","timestamp":1769193356000},"page":"444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chloride Ion-Induced Modification of Passive Film on the Surface of 18%Ni High-Strength Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shule","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1835-1847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boheng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Botao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eshov","family":"Bakhtiyor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research of Innovative Technologies, National Academy of Science of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simm, T.H., Sun, L., Galvin, D.R., Hill, P., Rawson, M., Birosca, S., Gilbert, E.P., Bhadeshia, H., and Perkins, K. (2017). The Effect of a Two-Stage Heat-Treatment on the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of a Maraging Steel. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10121346"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.12.096","article-title":"Effect of aging temperature on the austenite reversion and mechanical properties of a Fe\u201310Cr\u201310Ni cryogenic maraging steel","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jajp.2025.100312","article-title":"Heat treatment optimisation of 18% Ni maraging steel produced by DED-ARC for enhancing mechanical properties","volume":"11","author":"Nagode","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Join. Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.36.813","article-title":"The corrosion resistance of nitrogen bearing martensitic stainless steels","volume":"36","author":"Ono","year":"1996","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(02)00089-6","article-title":"Chloride-induced corrosion on reinforcing steel: From the fundamentals to the monitoring techniques","volume":"25","author":"Montemor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2005.05.011","article-title":"Effect of chloride ions on the corrosion behaviour of steel in 0.1 M citrate","volume":"51","author":"Hassan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2012.08.056","article-title":"Effects of pH and Cl\u2212 concentration on corrosion behavior of the galvanized steel in simulated rust layer solution","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(99)00078-8","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of steels in Gulf seawater environment","volume":"123","author":"Malik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5819202","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5819202","article-title":"Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: An Overview on Chloride Diffusion and Prediction of Corrosion Initiation Time","volume":"2017","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Corros."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"4177819","article-title":"The Theory of Pitting and Effect of a Centrifugal Field on the Pitting Corrosion of 18-8 Chromium-Nickel Steels","volume":"17","author":"Fischer","year":"1959","journal-title":"Tech. Mitt. Krupp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.08.042","article-title":"Corrosion investigation of the 18Ni 300 grade maraging steel in aqueous chloride medium containing H2S and CO2","volume":"286","author":"Avelino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-016-1350-9","article-title":"Effects of chloride ion concentration and pH values on the corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.5006\/1141","article-title":"Influence of chloride ions on corrosion of modified martensitic stainless steels at high temperatures under a CO2 environment","volume":"70","author":"Sunaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"298","article-title":"Effects of Chloride Ions on Static and Stress Corrosion Behaviors of 9Cr Martensitic Steel","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2007.06.059","article-title":"Influence of temperature, chloride ions and chromium element on the electronic property of passive film formed on carbon steel in bicarbonate\/carbonate buffer solution","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5006\/0010-9312-25.4.173","article-title":"Anodic and Cathodic Behavior of Maraging Steel in Acid Solution","volume":"25","author":"Tobias","year":"1969","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2006.07.026","article-title":"Study on passivation and erosion-enhanced corrosion resistance by Mott-Schottky analysis","volume":"52","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C391","DOI":"10.1149\/2.083111jes","article-title":"Mott-Schottky analysis of passive films on Si containing stainless steel alloys","volume":"158","author":"Choudhary","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.181061","article-title":"Effects of polarization potential on the passive film properties of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy","volume":"1032","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.8b00209","article-title":"\u03b1-and \u03b3-FeOOH: Stability, reversibility, and nature of the active phase under hydrogen evolution","volume":"1","author":"Fracchia","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"G\u00e9nin, J.R., Renard, A., Ruby, C., and Abdelmoula, M. (2009, January 19\u201324). In situ oxidation of green rusts by deprotonation; wet corrosion and passivation of weathering steels. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Applications of the M\u00f6ssbauer Effect (ICAME 2009), Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2006.06.003","article-title":"On the formation of \u03b2-FeOOH (akagan\u00e9ite) in chloride-containing environments","volume":"49","author":"Refait","year":"2007","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.09.029","article-title":"Corrosion of steel bars in OPC mortar exposed to NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2: Macro- and micro-cell corrosion perspective","volume":"40","author":"Poursaee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/cmd3010006","article-title":"Electrochemical evaluation of the effect of different NaCl concentrations on low alloy- and stainless steels under corrosion and erosion-corrosion conditions","volume":"3","author":"Brownlie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Corros. Mater. Degrad."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11913","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b02731","article-title":"Hygroscopic properties of calcium chloride and its role on cold-end corrosion in biomass combustion","volume":"33","author":"Vainio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2025.206117","article-title":"Effect of aging temperature after solution treatment on the wear behavior of maraging 18Ni-300 Steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion","volume":"576\u2013577","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1179\/026708304225011135","article-title":"Thermal aging of 16Cr\u20135Ni\u20131Mo stainless steel Part 1\u2013Microstructural analysis","volume":"20","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2016). Corrosion of Metals and Slloys\u2014Corrosion Test for Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels in the Ferric Chloride Solution. State General Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine (Standard No. GB\/T 17897-2016)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2021.109340","article-title":"A survey on the passivity of tempered AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel","volume":"183","author":"Zakerin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-019-04185-x","article-title":"Effect of cobalt on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of martensitic age-hardened stainless steel","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electrochemical characterization of a martensitic stainless steel","volume":"10","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Iron Steel Soc. Iran"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2012.02.015","article-title":"Passivity of AISI 321 stainless steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution studied by Mott\u2013Schottky analysis in conjunction with the point defect model","volume":"9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.03.142","article-title":"Comparison of electrochemical behavior between coarse-grained and fine-grained AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel by Mott\u2013Schottky analysis and EIS measurements","volume":"639","author":"Vafaeian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-938X(94)90158-9","article-title":"The long term growth of the protective rust layer formed on weathering steel by atmospheric corrosion during a quarter of a century","volume":"36","author":"Yamashita","year":"1994","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2004.10.021","article-title":"In situ observation of initial rust formation process on carbon steel under Na2SO4 and NaCl solution films with wet\/dry cycles using synchrotron radiation X-rays","volume":"47","author":"Yamashita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1039\/qr9672100029","article-title":"The mechanism of rusting","volume":"21","author":"Evans","year":"1967","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(72)90671-3","article-title":"Mechanism of atmospheric rusting","volume":"12","author":"Evans","year":"1972","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(74)80037-5","article-title":"The mechanism of atmospheric rusting and the protective amorphous rust on low alloy steel","volume":"14","author":"Misawa","year":"1974","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornell, R.M., and Schwertmann, U. (2003). The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/3527602097"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"149","article-title":"Corrosion kinetics of A572Gr. 65 steel in different simulated soil solutions","volume":"42","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"566","article-title":"Evolution of Rust Layers Formed on Q235 and 09CuPCrNi-A Steels during Initial Stage of Field Exposure in Two Sites of Different Environment","volume":"34","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1515\/CORRREV.2002.20.6.469","article-title":"Corrosion of reinforced concrete exposed to marine environment","volume":"20","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Corros. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2006.07.004","article-title":"Influence of silicon on local structure and morphology of \u03b3-FeOOH and \u03b1-FeOOH particles","volume":"49","author":"Kwon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gartner, N., Kosec, T., and Legat, A. (2020). Monitoring the Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Exposed to a Marine Environment. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020407"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(01)00008-7","article-title":"Effect of alloying Cu on the corrosion resistance of stainless steels in chloride media","volume":"43","author":"Ujiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(99)00530-4","article-title":"The effect of copper on passivity and corrosion behaviour of ferritic and ferritic\u2013austenitic stainless steels","volume":"277","author":"Banas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Akpanyung, K., and Loto, R. (2019, January 3\u20138). Pitting corrosion evaluation: A review. Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World, Ota, Nigeria."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2015.04.005","article-title":"Effect of chloride and sulfate ions in simulated boiler water on pitting corrosion behavior of 13Cr steel","volume":"96","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2016.07.008","article-title":"Pitting corrosion of martensitic stainless steel in halide bearing solutions","volume":"112","author":"Pahlavan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S1674-4799(09)60029-7","article-title":"Study on the passive film formed on 2205 stainless steel in acetic acid by AAS and XPS","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bich, N., and Goerz, K. (1996, January 24\u201329). Caroline Pipeline Failure: Findings On Corrosion Mechanisms In Wet Sour Gas Systems Containing Significant Co. Proceedings of the CORROSION 1996, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.5006\/C1996-96026"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2007.10.048","article-title":"Influence of grain size on the corrosion behavior of a Ni-based superalloy nanocrystalline coating in NaCl acidic solution","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1179\/000705988798270866","article-title":"Chloride induced pitting initiation on 304L stainless steel in acidic sodium sulphate solutions","volume":"23","author":"Rangel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. Corros. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stam.2003.10.014","article-title":"Semiconductor properties of passive films formed on sputter-deposited Fe\u201318Cr alloy thin films with various additive elements","volume":"5","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziarski, P., and Makuch, N. (2024). Characterization of Wear Resistance and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Paste Borided Layers Produced on Pure Titanium. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17163922"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-014-0940-9","article-title":"The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Corrosion Properties of Type AISI 304 Stainless Steel in Diluted NaCl and Urban Rain Solution","volume":"23","author":"Leban","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00039-w","article-title":"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.05.020","article-title":"Optimization of annealing treatment and comprehensive properties of Cu-containing Ti6Al4V-xCu alloys","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2017.10.027","article-title":"Corrosion behaviour of a quenched and partitioned medium carbon steel in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution","volume":"130","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.08.126","article-title":"Active corrosion protection of AA2024 by sol\u2013gel coatings with cerium molybdate nanowires","volume":"112","author":"Yasakau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.05.055","article-title":"The effect of fluoride ions on the corrosion behavior of pure titanium in 0.05M sulfuric acid","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.12.124","article-title":"Accurate Electrochemical Measurement of Magnesium Corrosion Rates; a Combined Impedance, Mass-Loss and Hydrogen Collection Study","volume":"121","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.10.065","article-title":"Determination of effective capacitance and film thickness from constant-phase-element parameters","volume":"55","author":"Hirschorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2014.11.010","article-title":"Corrosion performance and surface analysis of Ti\u2013Ni\u2013Pd\u2013Ru\u2013Cr alloy in nitric acid solution","volume":"91","author":"Ningshen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/1478422X241306374","article-title":"Comparative corrosion behaviour of different alloys for nitric acid service in reprocessing plants","volume":"60","author":"Chandra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2008.03.008","article-title":"The role of rusts in corrosion and corrosion protection of iron and steel","volume":"50","author":"Tamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.04.189","article-title":"Corrosion assessment of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated using laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing","volume":"279","author":"Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2005.05.046","article-title":"Validation of corrosion rates measured by the Tafel extrapolation method","volume":"47","author":"McCafferty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2017.10.028","article-title":"Synergistic effects of fluoride and chloride on general corrosion behavior of AISI 316 stainless steel and pure titanium in H2SO4 solutions","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2006.02.031","article-title":"In situ study on the effects of Ni and Mo on the passive film formed on Fe\u201320Cr alloys by photoelectrochemical and Mott\u2013Schottky techniques","volume":"590","author":"Jang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2010.04.021","article-title":"Influence of incorporated Mo and Nb on the Mott\u2013Schottky behaviour of anodic films formed on AISI 304L","volume":"52","author":"Taveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2007.02.089","article-title":"Semiconducting properties of passive films formed on Fe\u2013Cr alloys using capacitiance measurements and cyclic voltammetry techniques","volume":"104","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2009.08.006","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the oxide film properties of 304 stainless steel in high temperature lithium borate buffer solution","volume":"51","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4686(02)00841-1","article-title":"Passive films on stainless steels\u2014Chemistry, structure and growth","volume":"48","author":"Olsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(00)00012-3","article-title":"Chemical composition and electronic structure of the oxide films formed on 316L stainless steel and nickel based alloys in high temperature aqueous environments","volume":"42","author":"Montemor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2024.112236","article-title":"A long-lasting passive film formed by dynamic oxygen transport at the interface between coating and substrate","volume":"236","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4686(01)00658-2","article-title":"Influence of the temperature of film formation on the electronic structure of oxide films formed on 304 stainless steel","volume":"46","author":"Ferreira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2024.144022","article-title":"Electrochemical degradation of the hydrogen-absorption-induced passive film on an Ni\u2013Ti superelastic alloy in an NaCl solution","volume":"484","author":"Rho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/2\/444\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:29:24Z","timestamp":1769491764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/2\/444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19020444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19020444","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}