{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:30:27Z","timestamp":1776317427550,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd.","award":["GDKJXM20210089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDKJXM20210089"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanocrystalline Fe-Gd-B alloys were successfully synthesized via Gd alloying in a binary Fe-B system using a single-roller melt-spinning technique. A systematic investigation of Gd content variation (0\u20134.35 at.%) reveals its critical role in tuning microstructure evolution, thermal stability, and magnetic properties. Crucially, the Fe90.70Gd2.32B6.98 alloy ribbon exhibits optimized magnetic performance, achieving a high saturation magnetic induction (Bs) of 1.67 T and a low coercivity (Hc) of 2.737 kA\/m. This enhancement is attributed to the suppression \u03b1-Fe grain growth through Gd-induced elevation of the thermal stability of the amorphous matrix, which confines the average crystallite size to 26.3 nm. The refined \u03b1-Fe phase contributes to elevated Bs through an increased ferromagnetic fraction, while its nanoscale grain structure, combined with wide magnetic domain configurations, effectively reduces Hc by limiting domain wall pinning sites. These findings establish that the synergistic effect of Gd alloying and Fe\/B ratio adjustment is a viable strategy for designing high-performance Fe-based magnetic alloys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19030561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T17:38:34Z","timestamp":1769794714000},"page":"561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Gd Alloying on Magnetic Properties of Direct-Quenched Fe-Gd-B Nanocrystalline Alloys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Linli","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wangyan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huameng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengwang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"417","article-title":"Magnetism Development and the Application of the Important Magnetic Materials","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rare Met. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Progress of magnetic materials","volume":"45","author":"Do","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"69","article-title":"Research Progress in High-Performance Soft Magnetic Alloys","volume":"50","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Yan, M., and Peng, X.L. (2006). Fundamentals of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Zhejiang University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"112","article-title":"Research basis and historical development of Fe-based nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys","volume":"54","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2019.01.003","article-title":"Fe-based bulk metallic glasses: Glass formation, fabrication, properties and applications","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2016.02.057","article-title":"Finemet nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy: Investigation of glass forming ability, crystallization mechanism, production techniques, magnetic softness and the effect of replacing the main constituents by other elements","volume":"408","author":"Gheiratmand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(03)00076-4","article-title":"Atomic mechanisms of formation and structure relaxation of Fe83M17 (M: C, B, P) metallic glass","volume":"51","author":"Evteev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.09.216","article-title":"Composition design of high Bs Fe-based amorphous alloys with good amorphous-forming ability","volume":"656","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1063\/1.342149","article-title":"New Fe-based soft magnetic alloys composed of ultrafine grain structure","volume":"64","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6232","DOI":"10.1063\/1.350006","article-title":"Soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline bcc Fe-Zr-B and Fe-M-B-Cu (M= transition metal) alloys with high saturation magnetization","volume":"70","author":"Suzuki","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6425(99)00002-X","article-title":"Amorphous and nanocrystalline materials for applications as soft magnets","volume":"44","author":"Mchenry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"4","article-title":"Development prospects of amorphous core transformers","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Guangdong Power"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"3","article-title":"Comparison between Amorphous Alloy Core Transformers and S11 Transformers","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Guangdong Power"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1179\/1743280412Y.0000000007","article-title":"Iron-based bulk metallic glasses","volume":"58","author":"Suryanarayana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(97)00436-9","article-title":"On the formation of nanocrystals in the soft magnetic alloy Fe73.5Nb3Cu1Si13.5B9","volume":"46","author":"Ayers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-9773(97)00091-3","article-title":"A model for nucleation of nanocrystals in the soft magnetic alloy Fe73.5Nb3Cu1Si13.5B9","volume":"9","author":"Ayers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nanostruct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-7151(92)90131-W","article-title":"The microstructure evolution of a Fe73.5Si13.5B9Nb3Cu1 nanocrystalline soft magnetic material","volume":"40","author":"Hono","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(98)00392-9","article-title":"Cu clustering and Si partitioning in the early crystallization stage of an Fe73.5Si13.5B9Nb3Cu1 amorphous alloy","volume":"47","author":"Hono","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"177","article-title":"Nature and properties of amorphous substances","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2023.12.025","article-title":"A plastic iron-based nanocrystalline alloy with high saturation magnetic flux density and low coercivity via flexible-annealing","volume":"190","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1007\/s12598-024-02707-8","article-title":"Decomposition of pre-existing Au\u2013P clusters induced in situ \u03b1-Fe grains uniformization in Fe\u2013P-based nanocrystalline alloys","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rare Met."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2005.03.008","article-title":"Interplay of uniform and random anisotropy in nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys","volume":"53","author":"Flohrer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2012.10.040","article-title":"Modern soft magnets: Amorphous and nanocrystalline materials","volume":"61","author":"Heraer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-716X(95)00397-E","article-title":"Soft magnetic nanocrystalline materials","volume":"33","author":"Heraer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scr. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"682","article-title":"A review of structural relaxation of inorganic glass and the factors affecting it","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-009-0711-4","article-title":"A new threshold of uncovering the nature of glass transition: The slow \u03b2 relaxation in glassy states","volume":"55","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2008.11.006","article-title":"Influence of Co content on the structure and magnetic permeability of nanocrystalline (Fe1\u2212xCox)73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 alloys","volume":"156","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/3\/561\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T05:11:49Z","timestamp":1770095509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/3\/561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19030561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19030561","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}}}