{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:28:59Z","timestamp":1784561339695,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002583","name":"Gyeongsang National University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002583","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the geometric and compressive characteristics of a rhombicuboctahedron architecture fabricated by material extrusion were investigated. The compressive results showed that increasing the number of unit cells led to the specific compressive strength remaining nearly constant. In contrast, as the strut thickness increased, the structures exhibited higher compressive strength, specific compressive strength, and elastic modulus. In particular, the thickest configuration exhibited no premature fracture or abrupt stress drop, instead demonstrating a progressive densification behavior with continuously increasing stress. Furthermore, a pallet prototype was fabricated to demonstrate practical feasibility. The non-cubic, recessed geometry of the rhombicuboctahedron units enabled geometric interlocking between stacked pallets, increasing surface-induced friction and contributing to enhanced stacking stability and anti-slip performance. These results demonstrate the potential of rhombicuboctahedron architectures as lightweight, scalable, and mechanically reliable structural elements for compression-dominated applications enabled by additive manufacturing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19030619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T16:30:47Z","timestamp":1770309047000},"page":"619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Geometric and Compressive Characteristics of the Additive-Manufactured Rhombicuboctahedron Structure and Its Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6031-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaerin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5446-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Je","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-14343-8","article-title":"Tensile properties of 3D-printed PLA prismatic cellular structures: An experimental investigation","volume":"134","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2022.107842","article-title":"Design, mechanical properties and optimization of lattice structures with hollow prismatic struts","volume":"238","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500308","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202500308","article-title":"Advanced Mechanical Metamaterials: Hybrid Lattice Structures, Design Strategies, Multifunctionality, and Challenges for Additive Manufacturing","volume":"27","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1177\/0954406218805112","article-title":"Configuration analysis of a reconfigurable Rubik\u2019s snake robot","volume":"233","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054501","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4046351","article-title":"Computational Design and Analysis of a Magic Snake","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Robot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014502","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4048261","article-title":"Some mathematical problems related to the Rubik\u2019s snake","volume":"13","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Robot."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2025.106187","article-title":"Reconfigurable polyhedral mechanisms using scissor-like elements with cantellation transformation between dual geometries","volume":"215","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00407-024-00331-7","article-title":"Archimedean solids in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries","volume":"78","author":"Viana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Hist. Exact. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1e","article-title":"Modeling 13 Archimedean solids by an object-oriented language","volume":"15","author":"Tlahuice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mundo Nano Rev. Interdiscip. Nanociencias Nanotecnolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2020.106360","article-title":"A novel steel damping system for rockfall protection galleries","volume":"175","author":"Grassia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Gu, H., Zhang, J., Dai, G., Li, B., Sun, Z., and Liang, Z. (2025). Compressive Mechanical Properties of Lattice Structures with Varied Structural Parameters Prepared by Stereolithography. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18163898"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2025.113490","article-title":"Current research status on advanced lattice structures for impact and energy absorption applications: A systematic review","volume":"215","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"103438","article-title":"Geometry effect on mechanical properties and elastic isotropy optimization of bamboo-inspired lattice structures","volume":"64","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.07.013","article-title":"Mechanics of additively manufactured porous biomaterials based on the rhombicuboctahedron unit cell","volume":"53","author":"Hedayati","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2025.105734","article-title":"Energy absorption in lattice-structured materials under impact loading","volume":"114","author":"Bieler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech.-A\/Solids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2022.05.022","article-title":"Lightweight injection mold using additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures","volume":"79","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"103778","article-title":"Functional morphology change of TPMS structures for design and additive manufacturing of compact heat exchangers","volume":"76","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2025.01.195","article-title":"Mechanical responses of triply periodic minimal surface gyroid lattice structures fabricated by binder jetting additive manufacturing","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.J., Lee, J.H., Yang, J., Moon, S.K., Son, Y., and Park, J. (2023). Enhanced Energy Absorption of Additive-Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Parts via Hybrid Lattice Structures. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14111982"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.11.049","article-title":"Insights into the mechanical properties of several triply periodic minimal surface lattice structures made by polymer additive manufacturing","volume":"152","author":"Maskery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2125879","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2022.2125879","article-title":"Triply periodic minimal surfaces based honeycomb structures with tuneable mechanical responses","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"104663","article-title":"Localized strengthening of triply periodic minimal surface lattice structures via tuning the internal material distribution at the grain level","volume":"99","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06369-z","article-title":"Mechanical behavior and energy absorption capability of trigonometric function curved rod cell-based lattice structures under compressive loading","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0850-3","article-title":"Damage-tolerant architected materials inspired by crystal microstructure","volume":"565","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.02.012","article-title":"Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges","volume":"143","author":"Ngo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-024-00305-1","article-title":"Chain-based lattice printing for efficient robotically-assembled structures","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2020.105460","article-title":"Mechanical responses of snap-fit Ti-6Al-4V warren-truss lattice structures","volume":"173","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2390504","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2024.2390504","article-title":"Revolutionising fabrication advances and applications of 3D printing with composite materials: A review","volume":"19","author":"Alarifi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"100224","article-title":"Additive manufacturing: Shaping the future of the manufacturing industry\u2014Overview of trends, challenges and opportunities","volume":"22","author":"Klenam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"100104","article-title":"The effect of six key process control parameters on the surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and porosity in material extrusion 3D printing of polylactic acid: Prediction models and optimization supported by robust design analysis","volume":"5","author":"Vidakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Manuf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn7772","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn7772","article-title":"Multiscale 3D printing via active nozzle size and shape control","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7403(00)00043-6","article-title":"Size effects in ductile cellular solids. Part II: Experimental results","volume":"43","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Jiang, D., Zhao, R., Wang, X., Wang, L., and Zhang, L.-C. (2024). High Mechanical Performance of Lattice Structures Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing. Metals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/met14101165"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinma.2024.100587","article-title":"Effects of the unit-cell size and arrangement on the compressive behaviors of lattice structures in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2009.04.007","article-title":"Characterization of edge effects of composite lattice structures","volume":"69","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105001","article-title":"Characterization of additively manufactured architected cellular polymers: Influence of specimen size and cell type on compressive behavior","volume":"26","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101563","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of compressive behavior of lattice structures manufactured through projection micro stereolithography","volume":"25","author":"Dar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2024.09.089","article-title":"A critical assessment of the onset strain of densification in the evaluation of energy absorption for additively manufactured cellular materials","volume":"41","author":"Shinde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Ma, Y., Liu, P., and Chen, Y. (2024). Mechanical properties of lattice structures with a central cube: Experiments and simulations. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.2190.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2024.105051","article-title":"Influence of the cell size and wall thickness on the compressive behaviour of fused filament fabricated PLA gyroid structures","volume":"195","author":"Netto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wang, K., Lei, J., and Fan, X. (2024). Compressive properties and energy absorption characteristics of co-continuous interlocking PDMS\/PLA lattice composites. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17163894"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.111380","article-title":"The compression performance of 3D-printed X structures","volume":"224","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Horvath, L., Russell, J.D., and Park, J. (2021). Investigation of the Effect of Pallet Top-Deck Stiffness on Corrugated Box Compression Strength as a Function of Multiple Unit Load Design Variables. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216613"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.24874\/ti.1546.08.23.10","article-title":"Static and kinetic friction of 3D printed polymers and composites","volume":"46","author":"Stoimenov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tribol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.19026\/rjaset.6.3803","article-title":"The relationship between the friction coefficient and the asperities original inclination angle","volume":"6","author":"Guan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/3\/619\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T05:10:50Z","timestamp":1770441050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/3\/619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19030619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19030619","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]}}}