{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T09:30:51Z","timestamp":1788082251669,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB2605400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB2605400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Central Government Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research in Universities","award":["B250205014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B250205014"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Graduate Student Research and Practical Innovation Program","award":["KYCX25_0940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX25_0940"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of calcium carbide slag (CCS) (0\u201312 wt%) incorporation on the workability, electrochemical properties, durability, and microstructure evolution of sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) mortar. Results showed that increasing CCS content reduced mortar fluidity and shortened setting time, indicating that CCS accelerates early hydration. A 9% CCS content was determined to be the optimal dosage; at 28 days, compared to the control group, this dosage group exhibited a 6.53% increase in compressive strength, a 22.47% decrease in drying shrinkage, and a 0.279% decrease in mass loss. These performance improvements stemmed from CCS\u2019s ability to inhibit pore connectivity and limit moisture migration. Electrochemical analysis further revealed that the 9% CCS dosage group had the highest charge transfer resistance and resistivity (30.00% higher than the control group), reflecting a denser matrix and greater ion transport resistance. Consequently, chloride ion permeability was significantly reduced, with electrical flux and diffusion coefficient decreasing by 39.98% and 28.89%, respectively. Microstructural observations confirmed that CCS promotes the formation and densification of hydration products, effectively improving the internal pore structure. While 9% CCS can serve as an effective functional supplementary material, its long-term durability and sustainability still face practical application challenges. Future research should focus on establishing predictive models for chloride ion permeation lifetime and conducting quantitative sustainability assessments of CCS-SAC composites, particularly evaluating material cost, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19040746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T14:55:47Z","timestamp":1771253747000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Calcium Carbide Slag Incorporation on the Multiscale Performance of Sulfoaluminate Cement Mortars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2313-9813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqing","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy & Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liaojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy & Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy & Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"Department of Structural Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy & Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"Department of Structural Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9655-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy & Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"Institute of Water Science and Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan 250002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang College of Science and Technology, Korla 841000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Guo, X., Zheng, Y., Li, L., Yan, Z., Zhao, P., Lu, L., and Cheng, X. 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