{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:07:46Z","timestamp":1771481266079,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42402267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42402267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12272394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12272394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["51979269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51979269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52178372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52178372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Changzhou Leading Innovative Talent Introduction and Cultivation Project Category D","award":["CQ20240130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQ20240130"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022CFB417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB417"]}]},{"name":"Wuhan Applied Basic Frontier Project","award":["2020010601012181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020010601012181"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Waste tire rubber\u2013soil mixtures feature low density, high energy dissipation, and low shear modulus, which are widely used in geotechnical engineering for vibration attenuation. In this study, the evolution of the small-strain stiffness characteristics of clay-rubber mixture (CRM) is investigated; a resonance column test was carried out to determine the small-strain stiffness characteristics of CRM samples with different confining pressures (\u03c33), rubber particle contents (Crubber), and rubber particle sizes (Drubber). The test results indicate that \u03c33 can promote the dynamic shear modulus (G) of CRM and restrain the damping ratio (D). The rubber particles have a great influence on both G and D. Under the same conditions, G decreases significantly with the increase in Crubber and increases slightly with the increase in Drubber, which indicates that rubber particles inhibit the development of G. D increases with the increase in Crubber and Drubber. The results show that the contact area between clay particles and rubber particles increases with the increase in Crubber, resulting in the decreases in G and D. The G\u2013\u03b3 curves are analyzed by using the Hardin\u2013Drnevich equation. Based on the fitting results, the maximum dynamic shear modulus (Gmax) is obtained. Therefore, the evolution of Gmax with \u03c33, Crubber, and Drubber are analyzed, and an equation for the Gmax of CRM considering the effects of \u03c33, Crubber, and Drubber is proposed. In addition, the D\u2013\u03b3 curves can be well described by an empirical equation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19040780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:22:46Z","timestamp":1771320166000},"page":"780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic Characteristics of Clay-Rubber Mixtures: Perspective on Small-Strain Dynamic Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2803-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1399-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianqun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5803-0039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guofang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Compacted expansive elastic silt and tyre powder waste","volume":"18","author":"Ghadr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomech. 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