{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:25:58Z","timestamp":1772724358222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-chromium cast iron is widely used in cement, mining and metallurgy, but its as-cast state has defects such as coarse carbides, uneven distribution and severe elemental segregation, resulting in insufficient toughness and poor wear stability. Taking Cr20 type high-chromium cast iron as the research object, two sample groups (without\/with La) were designed. XRD, OM, SEM, EDS, mechanical property tests and impact wear experiments were used to study the effects of La addition and different quenching temperatures (900 \u00b0C, 950 \u00b0C, 1000 \u00b0C, 1050 \u00b0C) on its properties. The results show that La does not change the phase composition but refines carbides, alleviates segregation and promotes secondary carbide precipitation. Suitable heat treatment enhances properties, while excessive temperature (1050 \u00b0C) causes performance degradation. Sample 2 (with La, quenched at 1000 \u00b0C) has the optimal comprehensive properties, with superior hardness, impact energy and wear resistance. This study provides an experimental basis and technical reference for optimizing high-chromium cast iron properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19050896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:19:21Z","timestamp":1772720361000},"page":"896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Rare Earths on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of High-Chromium Cast Iron"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xihui","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"},{"name":"International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, L., Fu, H., and Zhi, X. (2023). Corrosion wear of hypereutectic high chromium cast iron: A review. Metals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/met13020308"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., and Liang, L. (2025). Research Progress on Alloying of High Chromium Cast Iron\u2014Austenite Stabilizing Elements and Modifying Elements. Crystals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst15030210"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.11.055","article-title":"Improving impact toughness of a high chromium cast iron regarding joint additive of nitrogen and titanium","volume":"90","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2022.112546","article-title":"Microstructure and properties of Cu-bearing hypereutectic high chromium cast iron","volume":"195","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2024.109831","article-title":"Tempering temperature dependence on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behaviour of a novel high chromium cast iron","volume":"197","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27658-w","article-title":"Effect of rare earth elements on the morphology of eutectic carbides in AISI D2 tool steels: Experimental and modelling approaches","volume":"8","author":"Burja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-05260-8","article-title":"Refinement of primary carbides in hypereutectic high-chromium cast irons: A review","volume":"56","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.9.2.8249","article-title":"Effect of rare earth on M7C3 eutectic carbide in 13% chromium alloy cast iron","volume":"9","author":"Quyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0721(06)60101-4","article-title":"Effects of rare earths and Al on structure and performance of high chromium cast iron containing wolfram","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Rare Earths"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Song, X., Yu, J., Geng, W., You, X., and Jia, J. (2025). Achieving high strength and plasticity by controlling the volume fractions of martensite and ferrite in rare earth, micro-alloyed dual-phase steel. Metals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/met15030310"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Yue, J. (2024). Effect of Magnesium and Rare Earth Treatment on Carbides in Hot Working Die Steel. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Soochow University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Tian, F.C. (2025). Effects of Rare Earth Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Alloy Wear Resistant Steels. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"810","article-title":"Effect of Ce modification on microstructure and properties of boroncontaining hypereutectic high chromium cast iron","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foundry"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"70","article-title":"Plastic deformation behavior and wear properties of as-cast high carbon medium manganese steel treated with rare earth","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Baotou Steel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0721(12)60038-6","article-title":"Influence of rare earth nanoparticles and inoculants on performance and microstructure of high chromium cast iron","volume":"30","author":"Yuncheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rare Earths"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"39","article-title":"Effect of Rare Earch Magnesium Modification on Wear Resistance of Permanent-mould High Chromium Cast Iron Cr26","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rare Met. Cem. Carbides"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.10.186","article-title":"Microstructure and wear resistance of the hypereutectic Fe\u2013Cr\u2013C alloy hardfacing metals with different La2O3 additives","volume":"289","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Li, Z., Liu, P., Yang, Y.Z., Yang, C.Y., Li, X., Luan, X.K., and Li, D.Z. (2026, February 03). Effect of rare earth treatment on the friction and wear property of bainite\/martensite bearing steel, Acta Metall. Sin., (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"261","article-title":"Effects of trace Ce on mechanical properties of a ferritic\/martensitic heat resistant steel containing high crand Co","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2012.07.004","article-title":"Fe\u201324 wt.% Cr\u20134.1 wt.% C hardfacing alloy: Microstructure and carbide refinement mechanisms with ceria additive","volume":"72","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-009-9353-6","article-title":"Effect of destabilization heat treatments on the microstructure of high-chromium cast iron: A microscopy examination approach","volume":"18","author":"Karantzalis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Zhou, H. (2014). Heat Treatment Process of High Chromium Cast Iron and Research on Its Impact Abrasive Wear. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Hunan University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Yang, C., Chen, G., Li, Y., Cao, X., Cao, P., Dong, H., and Hu, C. (2024). The variation patterns of the martensitic hierarchical microstructure and mechanical properties of 35Si2MnCr2Ni3MoV steel at different austenitizing temperatures. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17051099"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2008.01.129","article-title":"Effect of cerium on the as-cast microstructure of a hypereutectic high chromium cast iron","volume":"62","author":"Qu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.159889","article-title":"Effect of Zener-Hollomon parameter on microstructure evolution of a HEXed PM nickel-based superalloy","volume":"874","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Wang, T., Wei, S., Mao, F., Liu, W., Xiong, M., Jiang, T., Xiao, L., Wang, X., and Zhang, C. (2022). The Influence of Ni Content on the Microstructure and Impact Wear Resistance Performance of High-Chromium Casting Infiltration Coating. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12091313"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/5\/896\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:25:48Z","timestamp":1772720748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/5\/896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19050896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19050896","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}}}