{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:21:37Z","timestamp":1788474097104,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) and lignin-derived binders, such as ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS), are increasingly being explored as renewable resources to reduce reliance on conventional formaldehyde-based resins in wood-fiber biocomposites. Although prior work has shown that SCG\u2013ALS adhesive systems can achieve promising mechanical performance, two practical aspects essential for industrial applications and circular design remain insufficiently explored: a predictable and reproducible visual appearance and credible end-of-life options. In this study, sustainable wood-fiber biocomposites bonded with SCG and ALS were assessed from an aesthetic performance and end-of-life perspective. Color was quantified in the CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) space and expressed as total color difference (\u0394E*) relative to a reference panel. Increasing total SCG + ALS content from 40 to 75 wt.% based on oven-dry fibers produced pronounced darkening, with lightness decreasing from L* = 47.1 to 34.3 and \u0394E* increasing from 18.38 to 32.51. Short-term composting behavior was explored by embedding fragments from formulations with 40\u201360 wt.% total SCG + ALS (based on oven-dry fibers; equal SCG\/ALS shares) into a mixed organic substrate adjusted to an initial C\/N \u2248 30 and monitored for 30 days in pots and trays. The process remained predominantly mesophilic (\u224814\u201322 \u00b0C); nevertheless, visible microbial colonization and progressive surface degradation were observed, indicating susceptibility to biological activity under moist, nutrient-rich conditions. Overall, the results show that SCG\u2013ALS content strongly governs the visual identity of the biocomposites and suggest composting-oriented routes as a potential end-of-life direction at an exploratory level, while highlighting the need for standardized compostability assessment and longer-term monitoring to substantiate circularity claims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19061077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1773240198000},"page":"1077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aesthetic Profiling and Exploratory Composting Screening of Wood-Fiber Biocomposites Bonded with Spent Coffee Grounds and Ammonium Lignosulfonate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2969-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandrina","family":"Kostadinova-Slaveva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Ecology and Landscape Architecture, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Center of Competence \u201cClean Technologies for Sustainable Environment\u2014Water, Waste, Energy for Circular Economy\u201d, 1a James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5111-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Savov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Competence \u201cClean Technologies for Sustainable Environment\u2014Water, Waste, Energy for Circular Economy\u201d, 1a James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petar","family":"Antov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyka","family":"Malcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1045-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Todorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Ecology and Landscape Architecture, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Center of Competence \u201cClean Technologies for Sustainable Environment\u2014Water, Waste, Energy for Circular Economy\u201d, 1a James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jansu","family":"Yusein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0387-8716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoria","family":"Dudeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgi","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2022). 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