{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:07:53Z","timestamp":1788185273160,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52579101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52579101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42307192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42572349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42572349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cTianchi Talent\u201d Introduction Program of the Talent Development Fund of the Autonomous Region"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water level fluctuations in reservoir areas subject bank slopes to intense wet\u2013dry cycles (WDCs), compromising rock mass stability. This study investigates the macro\u2013meso damage evolution of yellow sandstone from the Wudongde Reservoir. Specimens subjected to 0\u201320 WDCs were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) alongside Brazilian splitting, uniaxial, and triaxial compression tests. Results indicate that porosity increases linearly with WDC, rising from 6.12% to 17.61% after 20 cycles, driven by the transformation of micropores into macropores. Macroscopic mechanical parameters, particularly tensile strength and cohesion, exhibit significant exponential and sharp decay, respectively, while the internal friction angle remains relatively stable. Notably, increasing confining pressure effectively mitigates WDC-induced deterioration by inhibiting microcrack propagation. The damage mechanism is primarily attributed to the dissolution of clay binder and uneven mineral swelling\/shrinkage, whereas the rigid mineral skeleton remains largely intact. These findings provide a theoretical basis for quantifying rock damage and predicting slope stability in complex hydrological environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19061215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1773921036000},"page":"1215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macro\u2013Meso Damage Mechanism of Sandstone Under Wet\u2013Dry Cycles: A Study Based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yuancheng","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fujun","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Delta Urban Wetland Ecosystem National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, School of Environment and Geographic Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4058-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2022.100492","article-title":"Attributing Heavy Rainfall Event in Berchtesgadener Land to Recent Climate Change\u2014Further Rainfall Intensification Projected for the Future","volume":"38","author":"Poschlod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weather Clim. 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