{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:04:22Z","timestamp":1790341462368,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of General Aircraft Maintenance","award":["GAMRC2023ZD03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAMRC2023ZD03"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24CAFUC07002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24CAFUC07002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25CAFUC04018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25CAFUC04018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2025JDRC0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JDRC0020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Friction stir welding (FSW) is a key technology for manufacturing T-shaped thin-walled structures and avoiding fusion welding defects. However, the quantitative relationship between its process parameters and the microstructure properties of the joint remains unclear. To address this, this study established regression models via response surface methodology (RSM) relating rotational speed (w), welding speed (v), and plunge depth (h) to the mechanical properties of T-joints. The optimal process parameters (400 rpm, 60 mm\/min, 0.21 mm) were determined, under which the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and weld nugget hardness (WNH) of the joint reached 74.1% (377 MPa) and 94.4% (153 Hv) of the base materials (BM) respectively, with v showing the most significant influence on joint mechanical properties. Microstructural observations revealed that from the BM to the stirring zone (SZ), the grains underwent a continuous evolution from coarsening, partial recrystallization to complete dynamic recrystallization (DRX). In the SZ, due to severe plastic deformation and high heat input, the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) was the dominant mechanism, and the grain was significantly refined. The heat input in the thermomechanical affected zone (TMAZ) is relatively low, mainly geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX). DRX-driven grain refinement was the primary strengthening factor in the joint, with hardness closely related to grain size. However, thermal cycling induced softening in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and promoted the precipitation of brittle compounds such as Al3Mg2 and MgZn2, which caused crack initiation exhibiting intergranular brittle fracture. Subsequently, under stress drive, it extends to SZ, mainly characterized by ductile fracture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19061260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:47:42Z","timestamp":1774255662000},"page":"1260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An RSM-Based Investigation on the Process\u2013Performance Correlation and Microstructural Evolution of Friction Stir Welded 7055 Al\/2195 Al-Li Dissimilar T-Joints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Binbin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of General Aircraft Maintenance, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, 46 Nanchang Road, Guanghan 618307, China"},{"name":"College of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, 46 Nanchang Road, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of General Aircraft Maintenance, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, 46 Nanchang Road, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-0400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duquan","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of General Aircraft Maintenance, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, 46 Nanchang Road, Guanghan 618307, China"},{"name":"College of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, 46 Nanchang Road, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1039-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nannan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang College, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Luoyang 471000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanxiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of General Aircraft Maintenance, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, 46 Nanchang Road, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of General Aircraft Maintenance, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, 46 Nanchang Road, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9764-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.11.016","article-title":"Microstructure and nanomechanical behavior of friction stir welded joint of 7055 aluminum alloy","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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