{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:24:29Z","timestamp":1774441469832,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wood is a versatile material; however, it is susceptible to changes when exposed to extreme temperatures. This study investigated the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of raul\u00ed (Nothofagus alpina) under different thermal stress conditions. The results showed that the moisture content at temperatures below 5 \u00b0C exhibited a significant reduction from 9.7% to 7.5% within the first 20 days. Conversely, under extreme cold (\u221220 \u00b0C), significant changes only occurred after 60 days, with an increase from 9.7% to 11%. At higher temperatures (50 \u00b0C, 95 \u00b0C, and 120 \u00b0C), moisture content dropped sharply after 40 days, nearing 0%. Additionally, analysis showed minor color changes in samples at low temperatures: RW2 (20 d; 5 \u00b0C, \u0394E* = 3.46) and RW7 (40 d; 5 \u00b0C, \u0394E* = 0.61); however, color changes were observed at higher temperatures (95\u2013120 \u00b0C). RW15 (60 d; 120 \u00b0C, \u0394E* = 37.16), indicating the degradation of cell wall polymers. Mechanical testing using three-point bending demonstrated that controlled heat treatments can improve the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and fracture energy. The most significant improvements were obtained at 120 \u00b0C for 60 days, with increases in MOE, MOR, and fracture energy of 22%, 60%, and 118%, respectively, compared to untreated wood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19061275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T16:40:20Z","timestamp":1774284020000},"page":"1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding Mechanical Properties of Nothofagus alpina (Poepp. &amp; Endl.) Oerst. Wood Through Controlled Freeze\u2013Heat Treatments: Linking Physical, Chemical, and Structural Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5995-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Valle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction Multidisciplinary Research Group, Facultad de Arquitectura, Construcci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romina E.","family":"Inostroza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda, Campus San Miguel, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Soto-Cerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Construcci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente, Construction Multidisciplinary Research Group, Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig 03001, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6339-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilmer","family":"Bueno-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda, Campus San Miguel, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Santo Tomas, Sede Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Tuninetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo I.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Construcci\u00f3n, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, S.K., and Kaul, S. 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