{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:24:31Z","timestamp":1774441471523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKN\/SP\/630563\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKN\/SP\/630563\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyaluronic acid (HA)\u2013based nanocapsules containing plant-derived bioactives are promising formulations for dermatological applications. In this study, nanocapsules containing extracts of Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis and Aesculus hippocastanum were synthesized and their structural and functional properties were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of spherical nanostructures with uniform morphology, while rheological analyses demonstrated stable viscoelastic behavior suitable for topical application. Their antimicrobial potential was assessed on microorganisms isolated from multiple regions of healthy human skin and opportunistic pathogens. A diverse panel of approx. 100 bacterial and fungal isolates was identified using MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial activity of formulations was compared with commonly used disinfectants: H2O2, octenidine, isopropanol and topical ophthalmic antiseptic. Arnica-based formulations showed the strongest inhibitory effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, whereas chestnut extract demonstrated selective activity against Candida spp. Calendula-based formulations exhibited limited antimicrobial activity. These findings demonstrate that plant-extract-loaded HA nanocapsules exhibit selective antimicrobial properties dependent on extract type and microbial group, supporting their potential as multifunctional components of future dermatological formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19071288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:11:14Z","timestamp":1774429874000},"page":"1288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hyaluronic-Acid Nanocapsules with Plant Extracts: Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity Against Skin Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lenart-Boro\u0144","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Mickiewicza Ave. 24\/28, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ratajewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University of the National Education Commission, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Scientific Circle of Biotechnologists, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, 31-425 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9407-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Czernecka-Borchowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Circle of Biotechnologists, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, 31-425 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kopacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Circle of Biotechnologists, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, 31-425 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zofia","family":"Schejbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Circle of Biotechnologists, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, 31-425 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4601-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gohar","family":"Khachatryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Analysis and Quality Assessment, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Khachatryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9490-0939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Krystyjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carbohydrates Technology and Cereal Processing, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Bulanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, 29 Listopada Ave. 46, 31-425 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6392-1454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Stankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Mickiewicza Ave. 24\/28, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5114\/dr.2018.75584","article-title":"The microbiome of the skin","volume":"105","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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