{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:24:52Z","timestamp":1774441492920,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanoemulsions are pivotal carriers which are increasingly adopted as carriers for poorly soluble active molecules. This review provides a critical overview of \u2018green\u2019 nanoemulsions, which are systems based on renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic components and\/or using sustainable production techniques. We here focus on the role of food-grade oils (including poly-unsaturated fatty acid-rich sources) and green excipients, with special attention on the interfacial properties of biosurfactants such as proteins, polysaccharides, and small-molecule surfactants. This review provides a critical overview of the formulation principles, interfacial phenomena, and physicochemical stability of green nanoemulsions, with reference to topical and pharmaceutical applications. The performance of nanoemulsions as delivery systems for bioactive lipids, essential oils, vitamins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and conventional drugs is examined through representative case studies. Known limitations, including oxidative instability, compositional variability, and difficulties in large scale production, are analyzed along with future opportunities in multifunctional formulations and sustainable processing. Overall, green nanoemulsions emerge as promising next-generation platforms for safe, effective, and environmentally friendly drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19071294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:11:14Z","timestamp":1774429874000},"page":"1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nature Meets Science: The Role of Food-Grade Oils and Green Excipients in Pharmaceutical Nanoemulsion Formulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6445-0406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Villapiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0852-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Capuano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5589-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"D\u2019Aria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0360-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concetta","family":"Giancola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-922X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Campani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, della Salute e delle Professioni Sanitarie, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Link Campus University, 00165 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale sui Biomateriali (CRIB), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7299-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale sui Biomateriali (CRIB), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8869-6465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Mayol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale sui Biomateriali (CRIB), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.04.008","article-title":"Colloidal Systems for Drug Delivery: From Design to Therapy","volume":"30","author":"Beija","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SM02958A","article-title":"Nanoemulsions: Formation, Properties and Applications","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R635","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/18\/41\/R01","article-title":"Nanoemulsions: Formation, Structure, and Physical Properties","volume":"18","author":"Mason","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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