{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:01:11Z","timestamp":1774620071753,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanxi Communications Holding Group","award":["2021-SF-165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-SF-165"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To mitigate the issue of brittleness and cracking in epoxy resin (EP) anti-skid systems, this study investigates four key aspects tailored to application scenarios: toughening, low shrinkage, strong adhesion, and rapid curing at ambient temperature. 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) was used to extend the chain of triethylenetetramine (TETA), followed by a Mannich reaction with formaldehyde (F) and cardanol to prepare a flexible aliphatic amine Mannich base curing agent containing flexible segments (Curing Agent B). The influence of composition ratios on the mechanical properties of the cured product was studied. The curing performance of the epoxy system under various temperature conditions and its adhesion to asphalt substrates were characterized. The thermal shrinkage behavior of the epoxy system under temperature-variable environments was also investigated. The results indicated that the elongation at break of the epoxy curing system, after chain extension and toughening, increased from 28.7% to 40.4%, representing a 28.9% increase. When n (Cardanol):n (TETA):n (F):n (BDDE) = 1:1.4:0.8:0.7 (molar ratio of reactants), m (EP):m (Curing Agent B) = 1:1 (mass ratio), and epoxy-terminated polyurethane (EPU) prepolymer constituted 10% of the epoxy resin mass; the epoxy curing system exhibited an elongation at break of 44.3%, a tensile strength of 7.0 MPa, a bond strength of 6.9 MPa, and an impact toughness of 1.77 J\/cm2. Furthermore, it exhibited rapid curing at a low temperature (0~5 \u00b0C) and at room temperature (25 \u00b0C). Additionally, when bisphenol F epoxy resin was used, the system demonstrated optimal thermal expansion properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19071332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1774615553000},"page":"1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Construction and Performance Study of BDDE-Toughened Modified Mannich Base Epoxy System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Siyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Transportation Planning and Design Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suining","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenlan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Transportation Planning and Design Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124411","article-title":"Study on the skidresistance of asphalt pavement: A state-of-the-art review and future prospective","volume":"303","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. 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