{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:06:51Z","timestamp":1784549211521,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Shandong Provincial Department of Transportation, China","award":["2023B66"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B66"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Shandong Provincial Department of Transportation, China","award":["2024B108-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B108-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of shotcrete is a critical support technique in ocean engineering structures. However, it often exhibits low chloride and salt erosion resistance under ocean environmental conditions and poor long-term durability. This study employed polypropylene fiber (PF) and basalt fiber (BF) to optimize the shotcrete mix design. Laboratory immersion and salt spray tests simulated chloride ion corrosion environments in the ocean\u2019s underwater and atmospheric zones. The effects of different corrosion mechanisms and varying fiber volume fractions on shotcrete strength and durability were then analyzed. The results indicate that shotcrete demonstrates strong resistance to chloride-induced corrosion in both ocean underwater and atmospheric zones when the volume fractions of PF and BF are 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. Based on test results from 3D digital microscopy (3D-DM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the chloride-induced degradation mechanism of hybrid fiber-reinforced shotcrete was analyzed from both mesoscopic and microscopic perspectives. This study offers theoretical support for applying hybrid fiber-reinforced shotcrete in ocean engineering environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19071352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1774864644000},"page":"1352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Hybrid Fiber on the Chloride Salt Erosion Resistance of Shotcrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Technologies and Systems for Intelligent Construction Equipment, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baicheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Operation of Highway Infrastructure, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan City Investment Design Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuying","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Technologies and Systems for Intelligent Construction Equipment, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.110623","article-title":"Performance and mechanism of carbon sequestration of air-entraining wet shotcrete","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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