{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:52:06Z","timestamp":1785433926651,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-23-1-2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-23-1-2124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["N00014-23-1-2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-23-1-2124"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rk2pe57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate slurries have emerged as promising candidates for cold thermal energy storage (CTES) and refrigeration systems due to their high latent heat, controllable flow behavior, and environmentally friendly nature. These slurries are formed by dispersing solid CO2 hydrate particles in a liquid phase, forming a multiphase system with tunable thermophysical and rheological properties. The performance of these slurries is dependent on nucleation kinetics, particle sizes and their distribution, solid content, and thermal transport characteristics under flow conditions. This review paper gives an assessment of CO2 hydrate slurries from a thermofluid\u2019 perspective by focusing on key aspects such as hydrate nucleation mechanisms, viscosity behavior, shear response, thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer, and slurry stability. Particular attention is given to the role of surfactants and nanoparticle additives that enhance hydrate formation and improve slurry performance. The addition of nanofluids is discussed both in terms of their effect on thermal properties as well as in flow stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19071434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:12:33Z","timestamp":1775437953000},"page":"1434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thermophysical and Rheological Characteristics of CO2 Hydrate Slurries for Cold Thermal Energy Storage Applications and Engineering Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7358-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai Bhargav","family":"Annavajjala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8786-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah","family":"Van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kosny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.09.035","article-title":"Carbon Dioxide Hydrates for Cold Thermal Energy Storage: A Review","volume":"211","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. 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