{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T17:04:49Z","timestamp":1788023089344,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8264047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8264047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M773218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M773218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025M773218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M773218"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the China Academy of Safety Science and Technology","award":["2025JBKY03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JBKY03"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42372329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42372329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42372329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42372329"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program of Xuzhou","award":["KC23019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC23019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the mechanical behavior of lunar regolith is critical for the success of future lunar excavation and construction missions. Irregular particle morphology and low geostatic stress are recognized as key factors contributing to the high internal friction angle of this unique extraterrestrial geomaterial. However, the underlying mechanisms by which low geostatic stress enhances shear strength remain unclear, and the multiscale effects of particle morphology on shear strength evolution are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, consolidated drained triaxial compression tests were performed on CUMT-1 lunar regolith simulant and Fujian standard sand to investigate their macroscopic mechanical behavior. Complementary discrete element simulations of biaxial compression were conducted to analyze mesoscopic mechanical responses of granular materials under the influence of multiscale particle morphology and confining stress. A robust macroscopic\u2013mesoscopic strength correlation model was established, incorporating normalized mean interparticle contact force and mean coordination number to predict the normalized deviatoric stress of granular assemblies. Based on this model, the mesoscopic mechanisms through which irregular particle morphology and low geostatic stress enhance the internal friction angle were quantitatively investigated. The findings offer new insights into the shear strength characteristics of in situ lunar regolith and provide theoretical support for lunar surface construction and excavation operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19071439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:12:33Z","timestamp":1775437953000},"page":"1439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mesoscale Mechanisms Governing the Shear Strength of Lunar Regolith: Effects of Low Confining Stress and Irregular Particle Morphology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3565-806X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mine Safety, China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0542-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukun","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1469-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinqiang","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133314567585","article-title":"Lunar resources: A review","volume":"39","author":"Crawford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2020.104879","article-title":"The beneficiation of lunar regolith for space resource utilisation: A review","volume":"186","author":"Rasera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2022.106673","article-title":"In-situ utilization of regolith resource and future exploration of additive manufacturing for lunar\/martian habitats: A review","volume":"229","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"707","article-title":"Foundation design for a radio telescope on the moon","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Chua","year":"1990","journal-title":"Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space II, Proceedings of Space 90, the Second International Conference, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 22\u201326 April 1990"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0893-1321(2002)15:2(33)","article-title":"Engineering, design and construction of lunar bases","volume":"15","author":"Benaroya","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2007.05.001","article-title":"Engineering of lunar bases","volume":"62","author":"Benaroya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"285","article-title":"The lunar regolith","volume":"Volume 567","author":"McKay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lunar Sourcebook"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1134\/S0038094614050050","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of the lunar soil (a review)","volume":"48","author":"Slyuta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sol. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2016.04.005","article-title":"Evaluations of lunar regolith simulants","volume":"126","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019EA000801","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EA000801","article-title":"Bulk Density of the Lunar Regolith at the Chang\u2019E-3 Landing Site as Estimated From Lunar Penetrating Radar","volume":"7","author":"Fa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-023-01971-9","article-title":"Cone penetration resistance of CUMT-1 lunar regolith simulant under magnetic-similitude lunar gravity condition","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.04.029","article-title":"Effect of grain size distribution on stress-strain behavior of lunar soil simulants","volume":"60","author":"Monkul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:10(956)","article-title":"Particle size distribution of lunar soil","volume":"129","author":"Carrier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-022-01733-z","article-title":"On the particle morphology characterization of granular geomaterials","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daghistani, F., and Abuel-Naga, H. (2023). Evaluating the influence of sand particle morphology on shear strength: A comparison of experimental and machine learning approaches. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13148160"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sandf.2024.101447","article-title":"Numerical study on the shear strength of granular materials under the low confining pressure","volume":"64","author":"Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1080\/1064119X.2018.1526236","article-title":"Study of dilatancy behaviors of calcareous soils in a triaxial test","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10035-009-0127-5","article-title":"Analysis of the influence of crushing on the behavior of granular materials under shear","volume":"11","author":"Arslan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Granul. Matter"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sandf.2012.02.009","article-title":"Evaluation of shear strength and mechanical properties of granulated coal ash based on single particle strength","volume":"52","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2481(08)70360-X","article-title":"Properties of lunar regolith","volume":"Volume 19","author":"McKay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Developments in Soil Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.115963","article-title":"On the measurement of shape: With applications to lunar regolith","volume":"412","author":"Wilkerson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.05.050177.002313","article-title":"The evolution of the lunar regolith","volume":"5","author":"Langevin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0893-1321(2008)21:4(272)","article-title":"Characterization of lunar dust for toxicological studies. II: Texture and shape characteristics","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1989","article-title":"Particle size and shape distribution for lunar fines sample 12057, 72","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Heywood","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014092","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000421","article-title":"Investigation of 3D grain shape characteristics of lunar soil retrieved in Apollo 16 using image-based discrete-element modeling","volume":"28","author":"Katagiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-021-1818-1","article-title":"Size, morphology, and composition of lunar samples returned by Chang\u2019E-5 mission","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2021.09.003","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of a specialized lunar regolith simulant for use in lunar low gravity simulation","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000020","article-title":"Discrete element modeling of strength properties of Johnson Space Center (JSC-1A) lunar regolith simulant","volume":"23","author":"Hasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10035-017-0754-1","article-title":"Characterization and discrete element simulation of grading and shape-dependent behavior of JSC-1A Martian regolith simulant","volume":"19","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Granul. Matter"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.03.019","article-title":"Predicting residual friction angle of lunar regolith based on Chang\u2019e-5 lunar samples","volume":"68","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8077","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB017589","article-title":"Micromechanical behavior of DNA-1A lunar regolith simulant in comparison to Ottawa sand","volume":"124","author":"Sandeep","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2005.05.001","article-title":"A novel discrete model for granular material incorporating rolling resistance","volume":"32","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.498","article-title":"Bond rolling resistance and its effect on yielding of bonded granulates by DEM analyses","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2013.07.006","article-title":"Microscopic contact model of lunar regolith for high efficiency discrete element analyses","volume":"54","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2021.10.014","article-title":"Coupled effects of particle overall regularity and sliding friction on the shear behavior of uniformly graded dense sands","volume":"14","author":"Nie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2022.106652","article-title":"Numerical evaluation of particle shape effect on small strain properties of granular soils","volume":"303","author":"Nie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01179.x","article-title":"The shape of rock particles, a critical review","volume":"27","author":"Barrett","year":"1980","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.14.P.192","article-title":"Traditional soil particle sphericity, roundness and surface roughness by computational geometry","volume":"65","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0893-1321(2000)13:4(133)","article-title":"Geotechnical behavior of JSC-1 lunar soil simulant","volume":"13","author":"Klosky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000014","article-title":"Geotechnical properties of JSC-1A lunar soil simulant","volume":"23","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0893-1321(1996)9:1(1)","article-title":"Mechanical and load-settlement characteristics of two lunar soil simulants","volume":"9","author":"Perkins","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0893-1321(2009)22:1(53)","article-title":"NAO-1: Lunar highland soil simulant developed in China","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04018024","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000848","article-title":"Shear strength and stiffness characterization of lunar simulant GRC-3","volume":"31","author":"Dewoolkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04015036","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000526","article-title":"Mechanical properties of QH-E lunar soil simulant at low confining stresses","volume":"29","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0893-1321(1998)11:3(67)","article-title":"Mechanics of granular materials at low effective stresses","volume":"11","author":"Sture","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1302489","article-title":"Constitutive and stability behavior of soils in microgravity environment","volume":"504","author":"Alshibli","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ11051J","article-title":"Assessment of localized deformations in sand using X-ray computed tomography","volume":"23","author":"Alshibli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000068","article-title":"Strength properties of JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant","volume":"135","author":"Alshibli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.34133\/research.1064","article-title":"Particle morphology controls the bulk mechanical behavior of far-side lunar regolith from Chang\u2019e-6 samples and deep learning","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-026-00562-8","article-title":"Influence of low gravity on the penetration resistance of lunar regolith","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Microgravity"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2024.106661","article-title":"Effects of adhesion and particle shape on mechanical behaviors of lunar regolith under low stress condition\u20143D DEM study","volume":"175","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041307","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.72.041307","article-title":"Characterization of force chains in granular material","volume":"72","author":"Peters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2022.104769","article-title":"DEM simulation of particle crushing in a triaxial test considering the influence of particle morphology and coordination number","volume":"148","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2018.10.021","article-title":"Exploring the effects of particle shape and content of fines on the shear behavior of sand-fines mixtures via the DEM","volume":"106","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10035-024-01437-z","article-title":"Macro- and micro-mechanical behavior of CSU-LRS-1 lunar soil simulant under true triaxial loading path","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Granul. Matter"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10035-024-01402-w","article-title":"A unified 2D and 3D morphology quantification and geometric parameters-driven reconstruction method for irregular particles","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Granul. Matter"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-352X(03)00064-8","article-title":"An efficient technique for generating homogeneous specimens for DEM studies","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2361","article-title":"Lunar soil density and porosity","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Houston","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Lunar Science Conference, Houston, TX, USA, 18\u201322 March 1974"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10035-021-01142-1","article-title":"DEM modelling of cone penetration tests in lunar soil","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Granul. Matter"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2000.50.1.43","article-title":"Numerical simulations of deviatoric shear deformation of granular media","volume":"50","author":"Thornton","year":"2000","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2017.09.014","article-title":"Grain-scale mechanics of quartz sand under normal and tangential loading","volume":"117","author":"Sandeep","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandeep, C.S., and Senetakis, K. (2018). Effect of Young\u2019s modulus and surface roughness on the inter-particle friction of granular materials. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11020217"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/7\/1439\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:21:33Z","timestamp":1775438493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/7\/1439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19071439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19071439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}}}