{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:11:15Z","timestamp":1775797875492,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12575300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12575300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Nuclear Technology R&D Project","award":["HNKF202316(48)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNKF202316(48)"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Province Foundation of China","award":["2024NSFJQ0036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFJQ0036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nuclear energy has emerged as a crucial technological solution for ensuring energy security and achieving carbon neutrality goals, given its ultra-high energy density and near-zero carbon emissions against the backdrop of rapid socioeconomic development, increasing energy demands, and accelerated global transition toward low-carbon energy structures. As the core component for energy conversion in nuclear reactors, fuel elements critically determine reactor efficiency and safety performance, with the fission product retention capability of silicon carbide layers in multilayer-coated fuel particles having been thoroughly validated through high-temperature gas-cooled reactor irradiation tests. The precise sphericity control of large-sized UO2 fuel kernels represents a fundamental requirement for enhancing tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel particle performance and advancing Generation IV nuclear power plant development. This study presents a sphericity control strategy based on sol\u2013gel processing that synergistically integrates physicochemical regulation of gelling media with multi-field washing flow field optimization. By implementing silicone oil-mediated interfacial tension gradient control, we effectively suppressed gel sphere destabilization while developing an innovative three-phase sequential washing technique involving kerosene washing, anhydrous ethanol interfacial transition, and ammonia solution replacement, which significantly enhanced mass transfer diffusion in stagnant liquid films and revolutionized fuel microsphere washing technology with improved efficiency and quality. Experimental results demonstrate that this integrated approach increases kernel sphericity qualification to 99.8%, reduces washing solution consumption by 79%, and achieves an average sphericity of 1.03. The research establishes a coupling mechanism between gelling media and multi-field washing processes, elucidating the synergistic effect between interfacial tension regulation and washing optimization, thereby providing both theoretical foundations and engineering application basis for the precision manufacturing of high-performance nuclear fuels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19081484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:41:18Z","timestamp":1775648478000},"page":"1484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sphericity Control of UO2 Fuel Kernels Through Gelling Media Coupling with Multi-Field Washing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Laiyao","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson, S., and Boardman, O. 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