{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:02:07Z","timestamp":1777366927238,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study characterised the bioactive properties (i.e., ion release, pH rise, and apatite formation) of a newly developed Voco Profluorid + BioMin F varnish. Three additional varnishes were investigated for comparison: Clinpro\u2122 White Varnish (3M\u2122, St. Paul, MN, USA), MI Varnish (GC, Tokyo, Japan), and Profluorid varnish (VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany). The Clinpro\u2122 White and MI varnishes were chosen for comparison due to their similar composition of active ingredients. Profluorid served as a standard fluoride-only varnish reference. Methods: Dental varnish ingredients were characterised using ATR-FTIR, XRD, and 19F and 31P MAS-NMR. Coated coverslips were immersed in Tris buffer and artificial saliva (pH 4.0 and 7.0) for 2\u201324 h. Ion release was analysed using ICP-OES and a fluoride ion-selective electrode whilst monitoring pH changes. Post-immersion, coverslips were analysed by XRD and MAS-NMR to assess possible apatite formation. Results: XRD and 19F MAS-NMR detected NaF in all four varnishes. BioMin F varnish showed a 31P peak matching BioMin F glass, with an additional brushite peak, indicating partial reaction of the bioactive glass (BAG) with rosin resin water. All varnishes released fluoride and calcium, but only BioMin F and MI varnishes released phosphate, which is essential for the formation of calcium fluorapatite. Post-immersion analysis confirmed fluorapatite formation in BioMin F and, to a lesser extent, the Profluorid varnish. No apatite formation was observed in the other two varnishes. MI varnish exhibited calcium fluoride formation before and after immersion, as evidenced by XRD and 19F MAS-NMR analysis. Conclusions: The novel BioMin F varnish potentially promotes remineralisation by providing a sustained and slow release of therapeutic ions that are essential for the formation of fluorapatite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19091766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1777362576000},"page":"1766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterisation of a New Bioactive Glass-Containing Fluoride Varnish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Thambi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saroash","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Tiskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin A.","family":"Hing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Materials, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swati","family":"Nehete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2014.02.004","article-title":"Focus on fluorides: Update on the use of fluoride for the prevention of dental caries","volume":"14","author":"Carey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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