{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:50:17Z","timestamp":1788457817799,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in University of Henan Province","award":["25IRTSTHN010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25IRTSTHN010"]}]},{"name":"National Major Scientific Instruments and Equipment Development Project of China","award":["52327812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52327812"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52179145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52179145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52179145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52179145"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semi-circular bending tests were conducted on high-elasticity asphalt concrete under different aging conditions to investigate the effects of rubber particles and polyester fiber contents on its fracture properties. Results showed that the incorporation of approximately 3% rubber particles increased the fracture energy by 15%, whereas the addition of 1.2% polyester fibers increased the fracture toughness and fracture energy by 4% and 19%, respectively. Aging-induced oxidative hardening enhanced the overall elastic modulus and interfacial constraint effect of the asphalt mixture, thereby improving the stress transfer efficiency among the rubber particles, polyester fibers, and the surrounding matrix. As a result, both the peak load and fracture toughness increased. However, compared with the unaged state, aged asphalt concrete became more susceptible to brittle fracture, with a decrease in fracture energy and a change in the crack propagation path from a curved to a straight trajectory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19091780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1777362576000},"page":"1780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fracture Properties of High-Elasticity Asphalt Concrete Reinforced with Rubber Particles and Polyester Fibers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jingjiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Seventh Engineering Division Corp. Ltd., Zhengzhou 450004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taixu","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Seventh Engineering Division Corp. Ltd., Zhengzhou 450004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2021.1908408","article-title":"Characterization of aggregate interlocking in hot mix asphalt by mechanistic performance tests","volume":"22","author":"Polaczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019043","DOI":"10.1061\/JPEODX.0000152","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Pavement Resurfacing Treatments Using Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"146","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part B Pavements"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2023.104064","article-title":"Study on the semi-circular bend method for characterizing the mixed mode I\/II fracture toughness of sandstone: A micro-perspective","volume":"127","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2022.103691","article-title":"Fracture resistance of polymeric wastes modified asphalt using R-curve and digital image correlation","volume":"123","author":"Abidin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2023.109149","article-title":"A phase-field cohesive zone model for fracture simulation of asphalt mixture","volume":"281","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, C., Wu, C., Liu, K., and Jiang, K. (2021). Study on the Durability of Bamboo Fiber Asphalt Mixture. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14071667"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3141\/2445-07","article-title":"Laboratory investigation of biochar-modified asphalt mixture","volume":"2445","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Wang, Y., Wu, X., Zhang, J., and Huang, X. (2024). Nanomaterials for Modified Asphalt and Their Effects on Viscosity Characteristics: A Comprehensive Review. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14181503"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.12408","article-title":"Investigation of fatigue and fracture properties of asphalt mixtures modified with carbon nanotubes","volume":"39","author":"Ameri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwas.2025.100214","article-title":"Nanomaterials in asphalt pavements: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"10","author":"Afshin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clean. Waste Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2019.1608289","article-title":"Experimental investigation of fracture properties of asphalt mixtures modified with Nano Fe2O3 and carbon nanotubes","volume":"21","author":"Pirmohammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Z., Fang, S., Xiong, L., Ma, J., Wang, M., Sun, B., and Wu, K. (2025). Experimental-numerical investigation on the performance of basalt fiber reinforced asphalt mixture. Front. Mater., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2025.1704032"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, Z.H., Lou, K.K., Kong, H.Y., Wu, B.W., Wu, X., Xiao, P., and Qi, Y. (2021). Effects of Fiber Diameter on Crack Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced by Basalt Fibers Based on Digital Image Correlation Technology. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14237426"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s42947-023-00361-4","article-title":"Effect of Waste Tire Rubber on Properties of Asphalt Cement and Asphalt Concrete Mixtures: State of the Art","volume":"18","author":"Alsheyab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07134-7","article-title":"Performance comparison of polymer and fiber modified asphalt mixtures","volume":"7","author":"Fahad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Huo, T.X., Wang, D.H., and Zhang, P. (2024). Study on Basic Pavement Performance of High-Elasticity Asphalt Concrete. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16152156"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.054","article-title":"Investigating the effects of aging and loading rate on low-temperature cracking resistance of core-based asphalt samples using semi-circular bending test","volume":"126","author":"Saeidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clema.2024.100255","article-title":"A review of polymer-modified asphalt binder: Modification mechanisms and mechanical properties","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e01847","article-title":"A case study of the comparison between rubberized and polymer modified asphalt on heavy traffic pavement in wet and freeze environment","volume":"18","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter, G., Amira, B.A., and Jan, V. (2025). The Influence of Synthetic Reinforcing Fibers on Selected Properties of Asphalt Mixtures for Surface and Binder Layers. Infrastructures, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures10110303"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.144117","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of concrete properties and crack propagation in concrete incorporating different sizes of recycled tire rubber particles","volume":"499","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.140091","article-title":"Evaluation of the strength and brittleness of mortar containing fissures and rubber","volume":"464","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.193","article-title":"Posidonia oceanica used as a new natural fibre to enhance the performance of asphalt mixtures","volume":"102","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alnadish, A.M., Aman, M.Y., Katman, H.Y.B., and Ibrahim, M.R. (2020). Influence of the long-term oven aging on the performance of the reinforced asphalt mixtures. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10100953"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s42947-020-1149-y","article-title":"Laboratory assessment of the performance and elastic behavior of asphalt mixtures containing steel slag aggregate and synthetic fibers","volume":"14","author":"Alnadish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2021.103168","article-title":"Evaluation of fracture resistance of asphalt concrete involving calcium lignosulfonate and polyester fiber under freeze-thaw damage","volume":"117","author":"Zarei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103862","article-title":"Evaluation of the impacts of polymeric fibers and modifiers on the fracture properties of asphalt mixtures","volume":"25","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102570","article-title":"Rheological behaviour of modified binders for different loading conditions and temperatures: A case of using pig tallow and crumb rubber from end-of-life tyres","volume":"23","author":"Varas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2024.104703","article-title":"Evaluating fracture performance of stone mastic asphalt with SBS and SEBS modifications","volume":"134","author":"Mojabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, G., and Kidd, A. (2025). Analysis of the Effects of Rubber Dosage and Digestion Time on the Mechanical Properties of Low Dosage Crumb-Rubber-Modified Asphalt Concrete Mixtures. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18071419"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e03058","article-title":"Macro-microscopic study on the crack resistance of polyester fiber asphalt mixture under dry-wet cycling and neural network prediction","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131126","article-title":"Performance characterization of asphalt mixtures under different aging levels: A fracture-based method","volume":"383","author":"Amani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2023.2194432","article-title":"The use of the semi-circular bending method to assess the intermediate-temperature fracture toughness of asphalt concrete mixes with reclaimed asphalt shingles","volume":"25","year":"2024","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-025-02095-7","article-title":"Evaluation of low-temperature fracture properties of asphalt mixtures using SCB fracture test and finite element method (FEM)","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138854","article-title":"Evaluation of fracture behavior in asphalt concrete through the combination of semi-circular bending test and digital image correlation technology","volume":"451","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2025). Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixtures for Highway Engineering (Standard No. JTG 3410-2025)."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2019). Crumb Rubber Asphalt for Highway Engineering (Standard No. JT\/T 798-2019)."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381504","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2381504","article-title":"Effect of Polyester Fiber on Air Voids and Low-Temperature Crack Resistance of Permeable Asphalt Mixture","volume":"2020","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, L., Cao, D., Zhang, H., Zhang, M., Shan, L., Zhang, H., and Wang, T. (2023). Surface Modification of Recycled Polyester Fiber and Performance Evaluation of Its Asphalt Mastic and Mixture. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16010278"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"e01703","article-title":"Influence of fiber-asphalt interface property on crack resistance of asphalt mixture","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lou, K., Jia, S., Xiao, P., Wu, H., and Wu, Y. (2024). Effects of Moisture Infiltration on Interfacial Characteristics of Fiber Asphalt Mastic-Aggregate and the Cracking Resistance of Mixture. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18010053"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"245","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulations of the fracture resistance degradation of asphalt concrete subjected to environmental factors","volume":"69","author":"Szydowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/9\/1780\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T04:10:32Z","timestamp":1778386232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/9\/1780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19091780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19091780","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]}}}