{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:59:26Z","timestamp":1791925166159,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 52578543, 42162024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 52578543, 42162024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["No. 52578543, 42162024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 52578543, 42162024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Island reef road construction faces a complex marine service environment characterized by high salinity and high humidity. Meanwhile, rapid construction and prompt subgrade repair are urgently required, creating a strong demand for novel calcareous-sand-based stabilization materials that combine excellent mechanical performance with resistance to seawater erosion. To this end, this study developed an early-strength cemented calcareous-sand reinforcement material for road base construction. Sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) and ferrite-aluminate cement (FAC), both featuring rapid setting\/early strength development and superior corrosion resistance, were used to cement calcareous sand (CS) and to investigate its mechanical and microstructural characteristics under different water environments. Unconfined compressive strength tests (UCS) showed that SC-CS and FC-CS could meet subgrade requirements at 1 d and 7 d, with SC-CS and FC-CS reaching 3.12 MPa and 3.44 MPa at 1 d, and 3.26 MPa and 3.67 MPa at 7 d, respectively, under seawater SS conditions. Seawater mixing and immersion were found to promote the early strength and stiffness development of both SC-CS and FC-CS, with a more pronounced effect observed for FC-CS. Based on experimental results, a damage model for the stabilized specimens was established with a fitting accuracy of R2 &gt; 0.97. This constitutive model accurately describes the stress\u2013strain relationship of the material and quantitatively characterizes its damage evolution. Microscopic XRD and SEM analyses indicated that the main hydration product in freshwater-cured specimens was ettringite, and the interparticle connection of CS was dominated by bridging through rod-like ettringite. In contrast, under seawater conditions, the ettringite content decreased, while hydrotalcite and calcium aluminate hydrate increased, forming massive and lamellar bridging products. Compared with SC-CS, the bridging structure in FC-CS was denser. Moreover, the compactness of the bridging structure not only affected its mechanical properties but also governed the movement mode of CS particles, thereby influencing the damage evolution and failure mode of the specimens. The findings provide theoretical support for the construction needs of island road.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19091793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:26:41Z","timestamp":1777382801000},"page":"1793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macro\u2013Micro Properties and Damage Model of Calcareous Sand Stabilized by Sulfoaluminate and Ferroaluminate Cements Under Different Water Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Minghao","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5645-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"College of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety Assessment Guarantee Department, Beijing 100073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.139628","article-title":"Performance and environmental impact assessment of a novel zeolite modified cement stabilized calcareous sand material for island eco-construction","volume":"458","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. 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