{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:51:35Z","timestamp":1790135495164,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Program of Higher Education Institutions of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["XJEDU2023P060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJEDU2023P060"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024D01A65"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024D01A65"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Higher Education Undergraduate Teaching Research and Reform Projects of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["XJGXJGPTB-2025016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJGXJGPTB-2025016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate characterization of the true tire\u2013pavement contact state is essential for understanding pavement friction; yet conventional texture indicators and nominal contact assumptions cannot directly represent the actual interfacial interaction between rubber and pavement. This study proposes a rapid and non-destructive method for measuring three-dimensional tire\u2013pavement true contact texture under different loads. A materials testing system was used to apply controlled loads to a rubber pad\u2013carbon paper\u2013pavement assembly, and the resulting imprints were combined with three-dimensional laser profilometer data and support-curve-based slicing to determine the real contact area ratio, penetration texture depth, and self-affine fractal dimension. Tests on nine asphalt pavement samples under loads from 5 to 20 kN showed that the real contact area ratio increased with load but remained below 40% at 20 kN. The predicted contact area from the reconstructed 3D texture agreed well with the imprint-based results, with an absolute error not exceeding 2.59%. Penetration texture depth showed a stronger relationship with skid resistance than fractal dimension. The proposed method provides a practical means of capturing effective tire\u2013pavement contact parameters and offers useful inputs for laboratory-based skid resistance evaluation and texture-informed friction modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19091856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:50:01Z","timestamp":1777618201000},"page":"1856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rapid 3D Measurement of Tire\u2013Pavement True Contact Texture and Its Implications for Skid Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7064-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tursun","family":"Mamat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0707-6173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenqing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Machinery and Automation, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-9139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunguang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jreng.2022.05.003","article-title":"A state-of-the-art review of asphalt pavement surface texture and its measurement techniques","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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