{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:43:24Z","timestamp":1790876604371,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC), produced from reactive MgO and MgCl2, has re-emerged as a promising low-carbon binder due to its rapid setting and high early-age strength. Yet its limited resistance to moisture and immersion remains the principal barrier to broader construction deployment. This review synthesizes the MOC evidence base using a structured approach that combines PRISMA-informed study identification and screening with bibliometric mapping to contextualize research evolution and thematic development. The review follows a structured data extraction of mix design, curing conditions, characterization methods, and performance outcomes. The synthesis confirms that MOC performance is strongly system-dependent. MgO reactivity, MgCl2 concentration, mixture ratios, and curing regime govern hydration products, microstructure, and durability, accounting for the apparent variation across studies. Comparative assessment shows that improvements in water resistance are most consistently reported for phosphate-based modification, SCM incorporation, and polymer\/hybrid strategies. However, benefits are frequently accompanied by trade-offs in workability, setting, strength development, and cost, and reinforcement compatibility and corrosion risk remain insufficiently resolved for structural applications. The review highlights gaps in reporting and durability testing that currently limit cross-study comparability and translation, and it consolidates priority research directions toward standardized protocols, mechanism-based durability design, scale-up validation, and robust sustainability assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19091866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:33:17Z","timestamp":1777627997000},"page":"1866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Magnesium Oxychloride Cement: A Low-Carbon Binder as an Alternative to Portland Cement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4318-7712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asad","family":"Hanif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yu, H. (1993). Magnesium Oxychloride Cement and Its Application, China Building Materials Industry Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-009-3476-3","article-title":"Influence of MgO\/MgCl2 molar ratio on phase stability of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"24","author":"Ba","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"38","article-title":"Effect of mixing on properties and microstructure of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chin. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shand, M.A. (2006). The Chemistry and Technology of Magnesia, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471980579"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01345a026","article-title":"The composition of magnesium oxychloride","volume":"54","author":"Lukens","year":"1932","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(98)00247-6","article-title":"The formation mechanism of the hydrate phases in magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"29","author":"Dehua","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124571","article-title":"Factors influencing strength of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"303","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034-007-0043-4","article-title":"Magnesium oxychloride cement concrete","volume":"30","author":"Misra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Menetrier-Sorrentino, D., Barret, P., and Saquat, S. (,  1986). Investigation in the system MgO\u2013MgCl2\u2013H2O and hydration of Sorel cement. Proceedings of the 8th ICCC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1977.tb14093.x","article-title":"Reaction Products in Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Pastes. System MgO-MgCl2-H2O","volume":"60","author":"Young","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00463","article-title":"Magnesia-Based Cements: A Journey of 150 Years, and Cements for the Future?","volume":"116","author":"Walling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.105274","article-title":"Thermodynamical analysis of the effects of modifiers and carbonation on the phase assemblages of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"143","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127531","article-title":"Thermodynamic modeling of the influence of temperature on the hydrate phase assemblage in MOC","volume":"335","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70431","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.70431","article-title":"Thermodynamic insights into phase stability of magnesium oxychloride cement under chloride, sulfate, and brine attacks","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.211","article-title":"Effect of 5-phase seed crystal on the mechanical properties and microstructure of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1071\/CH9550215","article-title":"Studies on magnesium and calcium oxychlorides","volume":"8","author":"Demediuk","year":"1955","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Manenti, F., and Reklaitis, G.V. (2024). Magnesia-based binders for stabilizing and improving soft soils. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105915","article-title":"Reactive magnesia and magnesium oxychloride cement treatments for mechanical enhancement of marl soil","volume":"27","author":"Harun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-007-9289-y","article-title":"Microstructures of magnesium oxychloride","volume":"41","author":"Chau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Struct.\/Mater. Constr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.03.015","article-title":"Influence of molar ratios on properties of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201800077","article-title":"Recent development in magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Concr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119381","article-title":"Recent progress of magnesium oxychloride cement: Manufacture, curing, structure and performance","volume":"255","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2013.11.001","article-title":"Effect of phosphoric acid on the properties of magnesium oxychloride cement as a biomaterial","volume":"56","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.051","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of one-part magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"189","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-019-4263-8","article-title":"Characterizing properties of magnesium oxychloride cement concrete pavement","volume":"26","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103562","article-title":"The mechanism of supplementary cementitious materials enhancing the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC): A comparison between pulverized fuel ash and incinerated sewage sludge ash","volume":"109","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.140867","article-title":"Fire resistance and thermal performance of hybrid fibre-reinforced magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites","volume":"472","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"180","article-title":"The application review of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"6","author":"Qiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kastiukas, G., Ruan, S., Unluer, C., Liang, S., and Zhou, X. (2019). Environmental assessment of magnesium oxychloride cement samples: A case study in Europe. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11246957"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3151\/jact.15.269","article-title":"Study of using dolomite as starting material resource to produce magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"15","author":"Altiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Concr. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2023.177","article-title":"MgO-based cements\u2014Current status and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Bernard","year":"2023","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104333","article-title":"Influence of reactivity and dosage of MgO expansive agent on shrinkage and crack resistance of face slab concrete","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123776","article-title":"A strong magnesium oxychloride cement wood adhesive via organic\u2013inorganic hybrid","volume":"297","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankovsk\u00fd, O., Lojka, M., Lauermannov\u00e1, A.-M., Anton\u010d\u00edk, F., Pavl\u00edkov\u00e1, M., Pavl\u00edk, Z., and Sedmidubsk\u00fd, D. (2020). Carbon Dioxide Uptake by MOC-Based Materials. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10072254"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"94","article-title":"Study on corrosion and anticorrosion of rebar in magnesium oxychloride cement concrete","volume":"8","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1080\/19648189.2025.2494131","article-title":"Mechanical behavior and leaching characteristics of cementitious composites incorporating silicomanganese fume","volume":"29","author":"Rashid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"11","article-title":"Deterioration of reinforced concrete in sewer environments","volume":"159","author":"Parande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. -Munic. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2008.04.007","article-title":"A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: Comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies","volume":"17","author":"Huntzinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-015-0578-6","article-title":"Influence of cenospheres on properties of magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct.\/Mater. Constr."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"243","article-title":"Magnesium oxychloride as a fire retardant material","volume":"1","author":"Montle","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Fire Flam.\/Fire Retard. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., Rawat, S., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Magnesium Oxychloride Cement: Development, Opportunities and Challenges. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14073074"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40069-025-00808-x","article-title":"Research Progress on Improving the Water Resistance of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement (MOC)","volume":"19","author":"Hamada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier, A., and Manea, D.L. (2022). Perspective of Using Magnesium Oxychloride Cement (MOC) and Wood as a Composite Building Material: A Bibliometric Literature Review. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15051772"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101005","article-title":"Photocatalytic MOC materials: Engineering strategies, limitations, and future outlook","volume":"9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.02.010","article-title":"Scientometric review of global research trends on green buildings in construction journals from 1992 to 2018","volume":"190","author":"Wuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124353","article-title":"A scientometric review of geopolymer concrete","volume":"280","author":"Zakka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.136569","article-title":"Bibliometric analysis of research on thermal, acoustic, and\/or fire behaviour characteristics in bio-based building materials","volume":"432","author":"Lacasta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"148","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"20","author":"Moher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Nutr. Humana Diet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1765-5","article-title":"The journal coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A comparative analysis","volume":"106","author":"Mongeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadegani, A.A., Salehi, H., Yunus, M.M., Farhadi, H., Fooladi, M., Farhadi, M., and Ebrahim, N.A. (2013). A comparison between two main academic literature collections: Web of Science and Scopus databases. arXiv.","DOI":"10.5539\/ass.v9n5p18"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s44416-025-00008-6","article-title":"Advances in oilwell cement retarders: A bibliometric and systematic review of mechanisms, challenges, emerging trends, and future directions","volume":"1","author":"Nwaichi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Concr. Cem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbani, B.D. (2024). Bibliometrix: Science mapping analysis with R Biblioshiny based on Web of Science in applied linguistics. A Scientometrics Research Perspective in Applied Linguistics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-51726-6_8"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"319","article-title":"Mapping a discipline: A guide to using VOSviewer for bibliometric and visual analysis","volume":"41","author":"McAllister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Libr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074029","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/7\/074029","article-title":"Readily implementable techniques can cut annual CO2 emissions from the production of concrete by over 20%","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2026, April 05). Technology Roadmap\u2014Low-Carbon Transition in the Cement Industry. Available online: https:\/\/www.wbcsd.org\/resources\/technology-roadmap-low-carbon-transition-in-the-cement-industry\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Sutter, L.L., Christiansen, M.U., Dongell, J.E., Hicks, J.K., Hooton, R.D., MacDonals, K.A., Manissero, C.E., Mukhopadhyay, A.K., and Ravikumar, D. (2018). Report on Alternative Cements, American Concrete Institute."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05550","article-title":"Environmental Impacts of Alternative Cement Binders","volume":"54","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.04.513","article-title":"Geopolymer cement and concrete: Properties","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126373","article-title":"Contrasting the environmental impact of conventional walls and magnesium oxychloride walls","volume":"321","author":"Aslani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2008.02330.x","article-title":"Accelerated reactivity assessment of light burnt magnesium oxide","volume":"91","author":"Chau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewlett, P., and Liska, M. (2019). Lea\u2019s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, Butterworth-Heinemann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100773-0.00014-9"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002786","article-title":"Sustainable Calcination of Magnesium Hydroxide for Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Production","volume":"31","author":"Kastiukas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"291","article-title":"Progress in research on deformation and cracking of magnesium oxychloride cement products","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Silic. Notif."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"629","article-title":"Effect of activated magnesia and molar ratio on deformability of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1021\/j150108a002","article-title":"Basic Magnesium Chlorides","volume":"13","author":"Robinson","year":"1909","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.817.180","article-title":"Influence of materials ratio on the hydration process of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"817","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2011.05.082","article-title":"Effect of magnesium chloride concentrations on the properties of magnesium oxychloride cement for nano SiC composite purposes","volume":"37","author":"Karimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.14817","article-title":"The influence of composition and temperature on hydrated phase assemblages in magnesium oxychloride cements","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.257","article-title":"Tuning the phase structure and mechanical performance of magnesium oxychloride cements by curing temperature and H2O\/MgCl2 ratio","volume":"179","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2014.11.006","article-title":"Simulation of the properties of MgO-MgfCl2-H2O system by thermodynamic method","volume":"68","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.041","article-title":"Feasibility study of strain hardening magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites","volume":"165","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.017","article-title":"Influence of curing conditions on the durability-related performance of concrete made with selected plastic waste aggregates","volume":"35","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2014.07.019","article-title":"Effect of curing conditions on the dimensional and thermal stability of calcium phosphate cement for elevated temperature applications","volume":"66","author":"Blom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.205","article-title":"Influence of curing regimes on mechanical properties of magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites","volume":"102","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1013-x","article-title":"Kinetic study of the magnesium oxychloride cement cure reaction","volume":"52","author":"Wambaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/zaac.201300229","article-title":"Dehydration of the sorel cement phase 3Mg(OH)2\u00b7MgCl2\u00b78H2O studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and thermal analyses","volume":"640","author":"Dinnebier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/zaac.201100497","article-title":"2Mg(OH)2\u00b7MgCl2\u00b72H2O and 2Mg(OH)2\u00b7MgCl2\u00b74H2O, two high temperature phases of the magnesia cement system","volume":"638","author":"Dinnebier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9770","DOI":"10.1021\/ic1004566","article-title":"9Mg(OH)2\u00b7MgCl2\u00b74H2O, a high temperature phase of the magnesia binder system","volume":"49","author":"Dinnebier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.6b00928","article-title":"Solubility Equilibria in the System Mg(OH)2-MgCl2-H2O from 298 to 393 K","volume":"62","author":"Pannach","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889806032109","article-title":"Chlorartinite, a volcanic exhalation product also found in industrial magnesia screed","volume":"39","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137506","article-title":"Rheological behaviors evolution and setting mechanism of magnesium oxychloride cement paste","volume":"440","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119862","article-title":"Effects of polycarboxylate superplasticiser on the early hydration properties of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"259","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Tu, P. (2009). Technology and Application of Magnesium Oxychloride Material, Chemical Industry Press."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.143173","article-title":"Regulating hydration and microstructure development of the foamed magnesium oxychloride cement composites by sodium citrate","volume":"493","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.142320","article-title":"The impact of industrial waste on hydration behavior, mechanical performance, and water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"489","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.145113","article-title":"Synergistic enhancement of water resistance in magnesium oxychloride cement by fly ash and carbonation curing","volume":"507","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135937","article-title":"Effect of hybrid fibres on mechanical behaviour of magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites","volume":"424","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119970","article-title":"Magnesium oxychloride cement-based strain-hardening cementitious composite: Mechanical property and water resistance","volume":"261","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2024.105906","article-title":"Effect of free CaO content on the phase composition of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"157","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.056","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the properties and microstructure of magnesium oxychloride cement prepared with caustic magnesite and dolomite","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/211064a0","article-title":"Structure and Formation of Magnesium Oxychloride Sorel Cements","volume":"211","author":"Tooper","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/physci246079a0","article-title":"Microstructure of Magnesium Oxychloride Cements","volume":"246","author":"Matkovic","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nat. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.182","article-title":"Micromechanical investigation of magnesium oxychloride cement paste","volume":"105","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002597","article-title":"Effect of Fly Ash on Rheological Properties of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31379-5","article-title":"Identification of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Biomaterial Heterogeneity using Raman Chemical Mapping and NIR Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging","volume":"8","author":"Dorrepaal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C., An, L., Lin, R., Wen, J., Dong, J., Zheng, W., Yan, F., and Xiao, X. (2022). Effect of Calcination Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020607"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122708","article-title":"Study on preparation and properties of modified magnesium oxychloride cement foam concrete","volume":"282","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118022","article-title":"Effects of Rice Husk Silica on microstructure and mechanical properties of Magnesium-oxychloride Fiber Cement (MOFC)","volume":"241","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104472","article-title":"Effect of sodium monofluorophosphate and phosphates on mechanical properties and water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"129","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157871","article-title":"Mechanical, water resistance and environmental benefits of magnesium oxychloride cement incorporating rice husk ash","volume":"849","author":"Nie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(03)00136-4","article-title":"Experimental study on urban refuse\/magnesium oxychloride cement compound floor tile","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.015","article-title":"Mechanical, durability and environmental aspects of magnesium oxychloride cement boards incorporating waste wood","volume":"207","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127682","article-title":"Development of magnesium oxychloride cement with enhanced water resistance by adding silica fume and hybrid fly ash-silica fume","volume":"313","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.106399","article-title":"Long-term phase composition and microstructure characteristics of phosphoric acid modified magnesium oxychloride cement exposed to natural environment","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154546","article-title":"Improvement mechanism of water resistance and volume stability of magnesium oxychloride cement: A comparison study on the influences of various gypsum","volume":"829","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.11.010","article-title":"The influence of compound additive on magnesium oxychloride cement\/urban refuse floor tile","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.113","article-title":"Experimental investigation of thermal and mechanical properties of magnesium oxychloride cement with form-stable phase change material","volume":"186","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.086","article-title":"Effect of tartaric acid and phosphoric acid on the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride (MOC) cement","volume":"213","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.202000094","article-title":"Durability of organic coated reinforced magnesium oxychloride cement concrete","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct. Concr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-020-01547-z","article-title":"Magnesium oxychloride boards: Understanding a novel building material","volume":"53","author":"Aiken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201900329","article-title":"Effect of fly ash on mechanical properties of magnesium oxychloride cement under water attack","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct. Concr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-022-03116-8","article-title":"The Effect of Mixing Ratios on Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties in Lightweight Composite with Magnesium Oxychloride Cement","volume":"44","author":"Davraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C., An, L., Zheng, W., Wen, J., Dong, J., Yan, F., and Xiao, X. (2021). Research and Engineering Application of Salt Erosion Resistance of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Concrete. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247880"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138239","article-title":"A high-strength bonding, water-resistance, flame-retardant magnesium oxychloride cement based inorganic adhesive via the construction of supramolecular system","volume":"419","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji\u0159\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, A., Lojka, M., Lauermannov\u00e1, A.-M., Anton\u010d\u00edk, F., Sedmidubsk\u00fd, D., Pavl\u00edkov\u00e1, M., Z\u00e1lesk\u00e1, M., Pavl\u00edk, Z., and Jankovsk\u00fd, O. (2020). Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Stability of Magnesium Oxychloride 5Mg(OH)2\u2219MgCl2\u22198H2O. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10051683"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawat, S., Saliba, P., Estephan, P.C., Ahmad, F., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Magnesium Oxychloride Cement-Based Composites at Ambient and Elevated Temperature. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14010270"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(03)00043-7","article-title":"The mechanism for soluble phosphates to improve the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"33","author":"Deng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102342","article-title":"Review of reactive magnesia-based cementitious materials: Current developments and potential applicability","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Rapid assessment method for water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement based on measurement of high-temperature erosion thickness","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kuei Suan Jen Hsueh Pao\/J. Chin. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118428","article-title":"Effect of hydroxyacetic acid on the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"246","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Wu, C., Chen, F., and Zheng, S. (2017). Effects of Silica Fume on Water-resistant Property of Magnesium Oxychloride Cementon the Water Resistance of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement, Atlantis Press.","DOI":"10.2991\/iceep-17.2017.219"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.186","article-title":"The influence of FeSO4 and KH2PO4 on the performance of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-009-2103-2","article-title":"Synthesis of magnesium oxychloride nanorods with controllable morphology and their transformation to magnesium hydroxide nanorods via treatment with sodium hydroxide","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Solgel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002451","article-title":"Effect of Citric Acid on the Time-Dependent Rheological Properties of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement","volume":"30","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.222","article-title":"The hydration mechanism and performance of Modified magnesium oxysulfate cement by tartaric acid","volume":"144","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.07.109","article-title":"Characterisation and use of biomass fly ash in cement-based materials","volume":"172","author":"Rajamma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.09.001","article-title":"Influence of nano-SiO2 addition on properties of hardened cement paste as compared with silica fume","volume":"21","author":"Ye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, J., and Li, Z. (2006). Influence of Fly Ash on the Properties of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement. Measuring, Monitoring and Modeling Concrete Properties, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5104-3_41"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.028","article-title":"Mechanical properties of high ductile magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites after water soaking","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126171","article-title":"Promoting effect and mechanism of several inorganic salts on hydration reaction of magnesium oxychloride cement at low temperature","volume":"317","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.02.011","article-title":"Influences of fly ash on magnesium oxychloride mortar","volume":"31","author":"Chau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.03.005","article-title":"Effect of pulverized fuel ash and CO2 curing on the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC)","volume":"97","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.187","article-title":"Using incinerated sewage sludge ash to improve the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC)","volume":"147","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.278-280.437","article-title":"Influence of calcium added slag on the strength and water-repellency of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"278\u2013280","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2011.08.009","article-title":"Effects of a new modifier on the water-resistance of magnesite cement tiles","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35166","article-title":"Synthesis and in vitro degradation of a novel magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"103","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.103","article-title":"Development and use of polymer-modified cement for adhesive and repair applications","volume":"163","author":"Assaad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.863.71","article-title":"Effect of EVA Emulsion on the Properties of Corn Stalk Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Composites","volume":"863","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02861492","article-title":"Effects of EVA Latex on the Properties of Glass-fiber\/Magnesium-oxychloride Cement Composites","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol.-Mat. Sci. Edit."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.158","article-title":"Superhydrophobic behavior of magnesium oxychloride cement surface with a dual-level fractal structure","volume":"210","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.029","article-title":"Structural, physical and mechanical properties of modified wood-magnesia composite","volume":"21","author":"Plekhanova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2006.11.015","article-title":"Study on the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in cement mortar by electrochemical noise measurements","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.09.029","article-title":"Corrosion of steel bars in OPC mortar exposed to NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2: Macro- and micro-cell corrosion perspective","volume":"40","author":"Poursaee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2017.1422626","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of straw\/magnesium cement composites with high-strength and fire-retardant","volume":"32","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032132","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/170\/3\/032132","article-title":"Study on Modification of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.033","article-title":"Light-weight wood-magnesium oxychloride cement composite building products made by extrusion","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"3162","article-title":"Preparation and properties of straw\/magnesium oxychloride inorganic light mass composites","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Mater. Compos. Sin."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120957","article-title":"Effect of fly ash and metakaolin on the macroscopic and microscopic characterizations of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"267","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s40999-025-01074-4","article-title":"Effect of Metakaolin and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on the Performance of Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Magnesium Oxychloride Cement-Based Composites","volume":"23","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5307","DOI":"10.1007\/s42107-024-01114-9","article-title":"Polymer-modified magnesium oxychloride cement: Investigating the effects of epoxy and polyurethane on water submergence performance","volume":"25","author":"Mohsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.141173","article-title":"Improved CO2 retention performance of magnesium oxychloride cement through the synergistic effect of solid waste MgO","volume":"474","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.145749","article-title":"Biomimetic mineralization strategy enables high-strength and water-resistance magnesium oxychloride cement-based inorganic adhesives","volume":"518","author":"Dai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.145473","article-title":"Deterioration and improvement of water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement exposed to temperature and pressure of oil and gas well","volume":"514","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104791","article-title":"Effect of partial MgO replacement on the properties of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"134","author":"Aiken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.144421","article-title":"The influence of recycled active magnesium oxide on the properties of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"502","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.103973","article-title":"Superhydrophobic magnesium oxychloride cement based composites with integral stability and recyclability","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.142244","article-title":"Damage characteristics and degradation mechanism of magnesium oxychloride cement modified with highland barley straw ash under salt, freezing, and coupling effects","volume":"489","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.01.003","article-title":"Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of magnesium oxychloride cement building materials","volume":"78","author":"Power","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.104983","article-title":"Recent advances in magnesium-based materials: CO2 sequestration and utilization, mechanical properties and environmental impact","volume":"138","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.139354","article-title":"Influence of magnesium oxychloride cement mortar with different strength grades: Fly ash as compensation material","volume":"457","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138877","article-title":"Study on water resistance of phosphogypsum solidified by magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) and NaHCO3","volume":"451","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137407","article-title":"Enhancing water resistance in magnesium oxychloride cement modified with sodium dihydrogen phosphate at low MgO concentrations","volume":"440","author":"Pu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137300","article-title":"Optimization of mechanical properties and water resistance of sawdust-magnesium oxychloride cement composites based on orthogonal tests","volume":"439","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.136795","article-title":"Optimization of raw-material ratios and curing temperature of magnesium oxychloride cement","volume":"435","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, S., Zhou, X., Shah, S.A.R., Ahmad, N., Anwar, M.K., and Basheer, M.A. (2021). Utilization of Radium-Bead Material for Road Safety: An Application of the Circular Economy Concept. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13213708"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhazmi, H., Shah, S.A.R., and Basheer, M.A. (2021). Performance Evaluation of Road Pavement Green Concrete: An Application of Advance Decision-Making Approach before Life Cycle Assessment. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11010074"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/9\/1866\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:24:16Z","timestamp":1778559856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/9\/1866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19091866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19091866","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}