{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:20:17Z","timestamp":1788477617326,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Polish Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy","award":["agreement no. UM-1\/DPP\/PD\/2023\/02, task no.: 3.ZS.05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["agreement no. UM-1\/DPP\/PD\/2023\/02, task no.: 3.ZS.05"]}]},{"award":["agreement no. UM-1\/DPP\/PD\/2023\/02, task no.: 3.ZS.05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["agreement no. UM-1\/DPP\/PD\/2023\/02, task no.: 3.ZS.05"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ryb2603","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite its advantages, 3D printing may expose users to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particle emissions. Emissions from commercially available acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)- and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G)-based filaments were analyzed to evaluate differences among material formulations from multiple manufacturers. Chamber-based measurements and complementary thermal decomposition experiments were used to characterize particle number concentrations and chemical emissions. The highest particle emissions occurred during the initial warm-up and the final stages of the printing process. The ABS-based filaments tested in this study exhibited higher VOC emissions, dominated by styrene (up to 264.75 \u03bcg\/m3), and particle number concentrations approximately one order of magnitude greater than those measured for the tested PET-G-based filaments. The dominant particle sizes ranged from 55 to 90 nm. PET-G-based filaments showed higher thermal stability but emitted notable concentrations of acetaldehyde (up to 70.93 \u03bcg\/m3) and phthalic acid esters. Both filament types released compounds of potential health concern, including formaldehyde and reprotoxic substances such as dibutyl phthalate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Differences were observed among fibers made from the same polymer type, indicating the influence of formulation-specific factors. These results underscore the importance of material selection and adequate ventilation to minimize exposure during 3D printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19091895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:57:29Z","timestamp":1777967849000},"page":"1895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Particle and Chemical Emissions During Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Using Commercial ABS- and PET-G-Based Filaments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1595-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Dobrzy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3620-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0261-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Borucka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"274","article-title":"The Risk assessment of 3D printing FDM technology","volume":"48","author":"Antelj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. 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