{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:06:24Z","timestamp":1791993984269,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand for long-distance green methanol transportation highlights the critical need to evaluate the safety and reliability of pipeline sealing materials. This study investigates the swelling mechanisms of fluorocarbon rubber (FKM), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) under simulated methanol pipeline conditions. Static immersion tests were conducted under simulated pipeline conditions with water contents of 0\u201320% and temperatures of 25\u201355 \u00b0C, supplemented by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS). FKM exhibited severe physical swelling, with the volume increase reaching up to 80% in pure methanol. Notably, the addition of 5% water markedly suppressed this swelling, reducing the volume change of FKM sealing rings to approximately 3% and the mass change to 1%. Conversely, NBR experienced volume shrinkage and mass loss due to the extraction of the plasticizer Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by methanol, a process also inhibited by water. PTFE demonstrated exceptional chemical stability and negligible dimensional changes owing to its high crystallinity and rigid structure. Consequently, PTFE is recommended as the optimal sealing material for pure methanol pipelines. When utilizing FKM or NBR, strict control over the fluid\u2019s water content and operating temperature is essential to prevent degradation and ensure long-term pipeline integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19101984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:10:42Z","timestamp":1778505042000},"page":"1984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Swelling Mechanism of Rubber Sealing Materials in Methanol Transportation Pipelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9656-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zitao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), No. 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5596-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zigeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), No. 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengsheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), No. 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), No. 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziru","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), No. 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), No. 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Development status and prospect of domestic methanol industry in 2023","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mod. 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Stab."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/10\/1984\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:26:42Z","timestamp":1778506002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/10\/1984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19101984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19101984","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]}}}