{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:08:12Z","timestamp":1779340092319,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52234004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52234004"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Project of the Science and Technology Plan of Liaoning Province \u2014 Industrial Technology Innovation Category","award":["2024JH2\/102400016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JH2\/102400016"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Plan Project of Shenyang","award":["24-213-3-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-213-3-15"]}]},{"name":"the Basic Research Project of the Department of Education of Liaoning Province","award":["LJ212510150005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ212510150005"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Plan Project of the Department of Housing and UrbanRural Development of Liaoning Province","award":["LNSJSKJ-2025-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LNSJSKJ-2025-060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sustainable application of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is often constrained by high material costs and environmental footprints. While the individual effects of various industrial wastes have been extensively studied, the synergistic mechanism of multi-source waste in UHPC remains poorly understood. To fill the research gap, an eco-UHPC was developed wherein river sand (RS) was partially replaced by spontaneous combustion gangue sand (SCGS), and Portland cement (PC) was partially replaced by spontaneous combustion gangue (SCG) powder and phosphorous slag (PS). A systematic investigation was conducted to assess the packing density, flowability, mechanical properties, chloride ion penetration resistance, and micromorphology. The results indicate that 40% SCGS substitution (by mass) optimizes particle packing density and aggregate gradation, while PS incorporation significantly improves flowability by up to 16.83%. Notably, persistent pozzolanic reactions and the consumption of Ca(OH)2 facilitate the generation of dense C-S-H gel, which creates a uniform microstructure and enhances late-stage compressive strength. Furthermore, superior chloride penetration resistance is achieved when the PS content is maintained below 20%. These findings support the synergistic utilization of SCGS, SCG, and PS in UHPC production, while facilitating broader application of UHPC through reduced costs and lower carbon emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19102079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"2079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Properties and Synergistic Mechanism of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Incorporating Spontaneous Combustion Gangue (Sand) and Phosphorus Slag"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-0063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youlin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"},{"name":"School of Transportation and Geomatics Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2806-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingliang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiyue","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wande","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meishan Yichuan Construction Co., Ltd., Meishan 620500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meishan Huantian Industrial Park Investment and Operation Co., Ltd., Meishan 620500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7251-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.103967","article-title":"Effect of calcined bauxite powder or aggregate on the shrinkage properties of UHPC","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. 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